Category: Micromessaging

*No Photo, Amplifier, Courtship display, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI), Leaked or involuntary body language, Metronomic signals, Micromessaging

Body Language of The Parade

by Chris • October 27, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of The Parade

Cue: Parade (the).

Synonym(s): (the) Catwalk.

Description: The “parade” occurs when a woman walks with an exaggerated swinging or rolling of the hips, back arched, stomach flat, breasts protruding, and head held high.

In One Sentence: The parade is a way to showcase sexuality to others.

How To Use it: Women can use the parade most effectively. For men, this is called swagger. If women wish to be noticed for their sexual assets, they should swing their hips in full view others, especially the ones they wish would notice most. This can be done by walking, but equally, can be done by rolling the hips in a fixed position. Men find an exaggerated parade to be highly visible and difficult to ignore so women can effectively use it to solicit men.

Caution is in order when using the signal since the parade is considered a broadcast signal, and therefore, difficult to anchor to a specific person. In other words, the cue casts a ‘wide net’ potentially drawing in men of lesser quality. However, the cues’ strength relies on this by drawing in many potential “male orbiters” whom are ready to do perform various services for a shot at romance. Women therefore, can use the signal to solicit general attention and then simply refuse those advances which do not meet her criteria.

Context: Dating.

Verbal Translation: “My hips are the focal point of my sexuality so I’m swaying them hypnotically up and down to draw your attention to my sexual bits – I sure hope you notice!”

Variant: The hips are a source of great power in female sexuality. Any draw to the pelvis indicates a desire to showcase a woman’s virility for the admiration of others. A bare midriff is particularity alluring because it exaggerates the hip-to-waist ratio. Incidentally, the tight flat stomach is the first casualty of pregnancy, which reduces the hip-to-waist ratio significantly. For this reason, a bare midriff is normally always reserved for women in the pre-childbearing years of the late teens and early twenties or those in peek physical fitness.

The same effect is accomplished with skintight dresses, and also bikinis or adornments such as waistlets and belly button piercings. They serve to draw the eye to the relative difference between the hips and waist. See Hip Tilt.

Cue In Action: She was newly single and feeling positive. You could tell she was prowling because she appeared confident and vibrant. When she walked, she commanded attention and the boys couldn’t help but look. It was obvious by the way she pranced that she was available and advertising.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Women naturally have wider hips than men in order to accommodate childbirth and it is the exaggeration of the differences between men and women the makes them sexy.

The parade is a way for women to attract attention by emphasizing their hips. Studies show us that women out of committed relationship naturally walk in this manner to attract attention.

For this reason, runway models are also instructed to walk with a hip tilt but in a much more exaggerated way. The hip emphasis posture is pervasive in fashion and advertising. We see women slouching to one side forcing their hips out to emphasize their curves, or walking in an exaggerated way, bouncing their hips up and down as if on a pendulum. Their hips are seen swaying high from the left side, dropping, then right side, dropping.

Picturing this parade or “cat-walk” in the nude and you get the sense that there is an obviously hypnotic purpose to the method. Because the hips move about a center pivot, the eye is drawn front and center to the woman’s genitals – acting like a beacon.

Out of consciousness the parade is not overt or striking, but now that you understand the characteristics, you can watch for it. Women can also roll their hips while standing. This draws attention to their pelvic region.

Cue Cluster: The gesture might be accompanied by a sideways glance and slightly parted wet lips, which could be unconsciously exaggerated by saliva or lipstick.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Courtship displays, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Leaked or involuntary body language, Metronomic signals, Micromessaging.

Resources:

Abbey, A., and Melby, C. (1986). The effects of nonverbal cues on gender differences in perceptions of sexual intent. Sex Roles, 15, 283-298.

Buunk, B. P., & Dijkstra, P. K. (2005). A narrow waist versus broad shoulders: Sex and age differences in the jealousy-evoking characteristics of a rival’s body build. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 379-389.
doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.020
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/adversarys-body-build-elicits-jealousy-men-women/

Book, Angela; Kimberly Costello and Joseph A. Camilleri Psychopathy and Victim Selection: The Use of Gait as a Cue to Vulnerability. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2013. 28(11): 2368-2383. DOI: 10.1177/0886260512475315jiv.sagepub.com
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/dont-walk-like-youre-watched-avoid-victimization-nonverbal-behavior/

Crossley, Kara L.; Piers L. Cornelissen and Martin J. Tovee. What Is an Attractive Body? Using an Interactive 3D Program to Create the Ideal Body for You and Your
Partner. PLOS one. November 2012. 7(11): e50601. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050601.g001
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/attractive-body-ideal-male-body-ideal-female-body-based-3d-morphing-study/

Crane, Elizabeth ; Gross, M. Effort-Shape Characteristics of Emotion-Related Body Movement. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2013. 37(2): 91-105.

Cari D. Goetz; Judith A. Easton; David M.G. Lewis; David M. Buss. Sexual Exploitability: Observable Cues And Their Link To Sexual Attraction. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2012; 33: 417-426.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/victim-blaming-or-useful-information-in-preventing-rape-and-sexual-exploitation/

Cho, S. H., Park, J. M., & Kwon, O. Y. (2004). Gender differences in three dimensional gait analysis data from 98 healthy Korean adults. Clinical Biomechanics, 19, 145–152.

Cutting, J. E., & Kozlowski, L. T. (1977). Recognizing friends by their walk: Gait
perception without familiarity cues. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 9, 353–356.

Fink, Bernhard; Nadine Hugill and Benjamin P. Lange. Women’s Body Movements Are a Potential Cue to Ovulation. Personality and Individual Differences. 2012. 53: 759-763.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/women-use-sexier-body-language-indicate-ovulation-fertility-women-dance-walk-sexier/

Furnham, Adrian ; Swami, Viren ; Shah, Krupa. Body weight, waist-to-hip ratio and breast size correlates of ratings of attractiveness and health. Personality and Individual Differences. 2006. 41(3): 443-454.

Gunns, Rebekah E; Lucy Johnston; and Stephen M. Hudson. Victim Selection And Kinematics: A Point-Light Investigation Of Vulnerability To Attack. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2002. 26(3): 129-158.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/how-to-avoid-an-attack-just-by-changing-how-you-walk-study/

Guéguen, Nicholas. High Heels Increase Women’s Attractiveness. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2014. DOI 10.1007/s10508-014-0422-z
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/high-heels-exact-power-men-study-women-wear-heels/

Guéguen Nicolas. Gait and menstrual cycle: ovulating women use sexier gaits and walk slowly ahead of men. Gait Posture. 2012; 35(4): 621-4.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/gait-as-bait-women-walk-sexy-during-high-sexual-receptivity/

Guéguen N. Gait and menstrual cycle: ovulating women use sexier gaits and walk slowly ahead of men. Gait Posture. 2012; 35(4): 621-4.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/gait-as-bait-women-walk-sexy-during-high-sexual-receptivity/

Givens D. The nonverbal basis of attraction: Flirtation, courtship, and seduction. Psychiatry. 1978. 41: 346.

Goetz, Cari D.; Judith A. Easton; David M.G. Lewis; David M. Buss. Sexual Exploitability: Observable Cues And Their Link To Sexual Attraction. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2012; 33: 417-426.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/victim-blaming-or-useful-information-in-preventing-rape-and-sexual-exploitation/

Goetz, Cari D.; Judith A. Easton; Cindy M. Meston. The Allure of Vulnerability: Advertising Cues to Exploitability as a Signal of Sexual Accessibility. Personality and Individual Differences. 2013. 62: 121-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.019
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/allure-sexual-vulnerability-move/

Hasegawa, T. and K. Sakaguchi. 2006. Person perception through gait information and target choice for sexual advances: comparison of likely targets in experiments and real life. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 30(2): 63-85.

Hall, Jeffrey A. and Chong Xing. The Verbal and Nonverbal Correlates of the Five Flirting Styles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2015. 39:41–68. DOI 10.1007/s10919-014-0199-8
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/first-12-minutes-flirting-using-nonverbal-communication-study-reveals-26-body-language-cues-attraction/

Johnson, Kerri L.; Gill, Simone; Reichman, Victoria and Tassinary, Louis G. Swagger, Sway, and Sexuality: Judging Sexual Orientation from Body Motion and Morphology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007. 93(3): 321-334. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.321
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/heterosexual-vs-homosexual-swagger-can-you-spot-the-difference/

Kościński, Krzysztof. Assessment of Waist-to-Hip Ratio Attractiveness in Women: An Anthropometric Analysis of Digital Silhouettes. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2014. 43(5): 989-997.

Kozlowski, L. T., & Cutting, J. E. (1977). Recognizing the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light display. Perception and Psychophysics, 21, 575–580.

Miller, G., Tybur, J. M., & Jordan, B. D. Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earning by lap dancers: Economic evidence for human estrus. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2007. 28: 375-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.06.002.

Moore, Monica. Courtship Signaling and Adolescents: Girls Just Wanna Have Fun. Journal of Sex Research. 1995. 32(4): 319-328.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/girls-just-want-to-have-fun-the-origins-of-courtship-cues-in-girls-and-women/

Moore, M. M. 2001. Flirting. In C. G. Waugh (Ed.) Let’s talk: A cognitive skills approach to interpersonal communication. Newark, Kendall-Hunt.

Moore, M. M. 1985. Nonverbal courtship patterns in women: context and consequences. Ethology and Sociobiology 64: 237-247.

Moore, M. M. and D. L. Butler. 1989. Predictive aspects of nonverbal courtship behavior in women. Semiotica 76(3/4): 205-215.

Moore, M. M. 1985. Nonverbal courtship patterns in women: context and consequences. Ethology and Sociobiology 64: 237-247.

Morris, Paul, H, Jenny White, Edward R. Morrison and Kayleigh Fisher. High Heels As Supernormal Stimuli: How Wearing High Heels Affects Judgements of Female Attractiveness. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2013. 34: 176-181.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/high-heels-supernormal-body-language-signal/

Michalak, J., Rohde, K., Troje, N. F. How We Walk Affects What We Remember: Gait Modifications Through Biofeedback Change Negative Affective Memory Bias. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2015. 46:121-125.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/walking-happy-leads-actual-happiness-game-emotions-body-language/

Opila-Correia, K. A. (1990). Kinematics of high-heeled gait. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 71, 304–309.

Paul H. Morris, Jenny White, Edward R. Morrison and Kayleigh Fisher. High Heels As Supernormal Stimuli: How Wearing High Heels Affects Judgements of Female Attractiveness. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2013. 34: 176-181.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/high-heels-supernormal-body-language-signal/

Roether, C. L., Omlor, L., Christensen, A., & Giese, M. A. (2009). Critical features for the perception of emotion from gait. Journal of Vision, 9(6), 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/9.6.15.

Riling, James K.; Torrey L. Kaufmana; E.O. Smitha; Rajan Patele and Carol M. Worthmana. Abdominal Depth and Waist Circumference as Influential Determinants of Human Female Attractiveness. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2009. 30:21-31.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/what-matters-most-in-womens-bodies-apparently-abdominal-depth-study/

Sakaguchi, Kikue and Toshikazu Hasegawa. Person Perception Through Gait Information And Target Choice For Sexual Advances: Comparison Of Likely Targets In Experiments And Real Life. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2006; 30:63-85. DOI 10.1007/s10919-006-0006-2
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/dont-walk-like-youre-asking-targets-sexual-approach-based-walking-style-personality-study/

Schneider, Sabrina ; Christensen, Andrea ; Hau[sz]inger, Florian B. ; Fallgatter, Andreas J. ; Giese, Martin A. ; Ehlis, Ann – Christine. Show me how you walk and I tell you how you feel — A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study on emotion perception based on human gait. Neuroimage. 2014. 85: 380(11).

Smith, E. O. (1999). High heels and evolution: Natural selection, sexual selection and
high heels. Psychology, Evolution and Gender, 30, 245–277. Smith, E. O., & Helms, W. S. (1999). Natural selection and high heels. Foot and Ankle International, 20, 55–57.

Smith, Finlay G.; Benedict C. Jones; Lisa L.W. Welling; Anthony C. Little; Jovana Vukovic; Julie C. Main and Lisa M. DeBruine. Waist–Hip Ratio Predicts Women’s Preferences for Masculine Male Faces, But Not Perceptions of Men’s Trustworthiness. Personality and Individual Differences. 2009. 47: 476-480.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/low-waist-hip-ratio-predicts-female-desire-male-masculinity-study/

Singh, Devendra ; Randall, Patrick K. Beauty is in the eye of the plastic surgeon: Waist–hip ratio (WHR) and women’s attractiveness. Personality and Individual Differences. 2007. 43(2): 329-340.

Singh, Devendra. Is thin really beautiful and good? Relationship between waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and female attractiveness. Personality and Individual Differences. 1994. 16(1): 123-132.

Singh, Devendra ; Dixson, B.J. ; Jessop, T.S. ; Morgan, B. ; Dixson, A.F. Cross-cultural consensus for waist–hip ratio and women’s attractiveness. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2010. 31(3): 176-181.

Sorokowski, Piotr ; Kościński, Krzysztof ; Sorokowska, Agnieszka ; Huanca, Tomas ; Sueur, Cédric. Preference for Women’s Body Mass and Waist-to-Hip Ratio in Tsimane’ Men of the Bolivian Amazon: Biological and Cultural Determinants. PLoS ONE. 2014. 9(8).

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Thoresen, John C.; Quoc C. Vuong and Anthony P. Atkinson. First Impressions: Gait Cues Drive Reliable Trait Judgements. Cognition. 2012. 261–271 Thoresen, John C.; Quoc C. Vuong and Anthony P. Atkinson. First Impressions: Gait Cues Drive Reliable Trait Judgements. Cognition. 2012. 261–271
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van der Zwan, Rick and Natasha Herbert. “I Like The Way You Move”: How Hormonal Changes Across The Menstrual Cycle Affect Female Perceptions of Gait. Research Notes. 2012; 5: 453.
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Walter, K. D., Brownlow, S., Ervin, S. L., & Williamson, N. (1998). Something in the way she moves: The influence of shoe altered gait on motion and trait impressions of women. PSI CHI Journal of Undergraduate Research, 3, 163–169.

Aggressive body language, Approach tell, Courtship display, Eye Language, Hostile body language, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI), Intention movements, Liking, Micromessaging

Body Language of The Once Over

by Chris • October 27, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of The Once Over

Cue: Once Over (the)

Synonym(s): Eye Assess, Undressing Her With His Eyes, Catty Eyes.

Description: A sexual or competitive eye pattern that follows the body over its entire form from the toes to the top of the head usually done by men on women (sexual interest) or by women on other women (competition – sexual). When men look women over, they will stop at the buttocks, breasts and face.

In One Sentence: The once over indicates a sexual interest or is meant to issue a combative challenge.

How To Use it: Men and women can both use the “once over” to signal to a partner that they find them appealing. Women should look men up and down pausing on the groin area or buttocks, shoulders and face. Eye contact should be made to anchor the message. A subtle lip lick will produce an unmistakable message. Men can also signal interest by making forays to the rest of the body. This should be done either covertly so as to create the impression of respect or, conversely, aggressively and with confidence to show high dominance in an unapologetic fashion. Mixing the two strategies will result in a poor impression – so choose one and use it wisely.

It should be noted that women generally, do not take well to the once over, at least at a conscious level. Subconsciously, women appreciate being desired. However, many times this is context specific. Being in a committed relationships can sometimes be a moral hindrance to being coveted, other times the once over “compliment” must come from a desirable potential suitor.

Women can also challenge other women by gazing them in a “once over” fashion to tell them that they “have problems.” Looking askance and performing the once over tells other women that they are on their hit list.

If men wish to intimidate and assault women, they may use the “once over” to metaphorically “undress them.” No good results will come from an unwelcome eye pattern, so be warned.

Context: a) Dating b) General/Business/Social.

Verbal Translation: a) “I’m looking you all over from your head to your toes stopping at your assets to measuring my interest in you.” [men on women and women on men] b) “I’m checking you out to see if you’re hotter than me and are going to be one of my direct competitors in the sexual marketplace.” [normally women on women]

Variant: Look under Eye Language (category) to see many ways the eyes convey hidden meaning.

Cue In Action: a) Dave and Mary carefully checked each other out over the course of the party so as to not appear overt and offensive. b) The new intern had arrived and Mary, the long time staff member knew full well that she would be trouble. Mary did the once-over on Katie and noticed that her skirt was too short and her cleavage was showing. Mary knew right away that they wouldn’t get along and that she needed to make it known that the office wouldn’t tolerate unprofessional attire.

Meaning and/or Motivation: It has been shown that both men and women both check each other out sexually, but women are able to do so more discretely. Women are rarely caught looking men over due to their superior peripheral vision. Men have hunter eyes and focus intently on smaller areas than women making them easier to catch in the act.

When the once-over signals competitiveness it is usually done by women onto other women looking for a “cat fight” or looking to size other women up in the sexual marketplace. This is a little acknowledged fact. Women are usually terribly conscious of the attractiveness of the other women around them whether they admit it or not. New rivals appear as targets ripe for their judgment and assessment which usually occurs behind closed doors as gossip or subtle meanness. A new associate, particularly ones who are much younger and more attractive will be seen as a potential rival whom must be neutralized and brought up to speed with office norms.

Thus, the once over can be a measure of a woman’s desire to maintain her rank in the female social order. When men perform the once over on women, it can be a sign that he is interested or at the very least verifying his interest.

Cue Cluster: This cue is a stand-alone cue and can happen independently of any other.

Body Language Category: Approach tell, Aggressive body language, Courtship display, Eye Language, Hostile body language, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Intention movements, Liking, Micromessaging.

Resources:

Abbey, A., and Melby, C. (1986). The effects of nonverbal cues on gender differences in perceptions of sexual intent. Sex Roles, 15, 283-298.

Argyle, Michael; Lefebvre, Luc; Cook, Mark 1974. The meaning of five patterns of gaze. European Journal of Social Psychology. 4(2): 125-136.

Argyle, M., & Cook, M. (1976). Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Aron, Arthur Reward, Motivation, and Emotion Systems Associated With Early-Stage Intense Romantic Love. Journal of neurophysiology 94.1 327-337.

Anderson, Uriah S. ; Perea, Elaine F. ; Vaughn Becker, D. ; Ackerman, Joshua M. ; Shapiro, Jenessa R. ; Neuberg, Steven L. ; Kenrick, Douglas T. I only have eyes for you: Ovulation redirects attention (but not memory) to attractive men. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2010. 46(5): 804-808.

Abrahams, Matthewf. Perceiving flirtatious communication: An exploration of the perceptual dimensions underlying judgments of flirtatiousness. Journal of Sex Research. 1994. 31(4): 283-292.

Beall, Alec and Jessica L. Tracy. The Puzzling Attractiveness of Male Shame. Manuscript submitted to Evolutionary Psychology. www.epjournal.net – 2014. 12(x): 1-39
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/male-nonverbal-shame-attractive/

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http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/eye-contact-makes-us-uncomfortable-curious-case-stare-rape/

Bolmont, Mylene; John T. Cacioppo and Stephanie Cacioppo. Love Is in the Gaze: An Eye-Tracking Study of Love and Sexual Desire. Psychological Science July 16, 2014. Published online before print. July 16, 2014, doi: 10.1177/0956797614539706
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/lust-like-eyes-read-body-language-eyes/

Bolmont, Mylene ; Cacioppo, John T ; Cacioppo, Stephanie. Love Is in the Gaze
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Böckler, A., van der Wel, R. P. R. D., & Welsh, T. N. (2014). Catching eyes: Effects of social and nonsocial cues on attention capture. Psychological Science, 25, 720–727.
doi:10.1177/0956797613516147

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Chen, Yi-Chia ; Yeh, Su-Ling. Look into my eyes and I will see you: Unconscious processing of human gaze. Consciousness and Cognition. 2012 21(4): 1703-1710.

Diamond, L. M. (2004). Emerging perspectives on distinctions between romantic love and sexual desire. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 116–119.

David Terburg; Henk Aarts and Jack van Honk. Testosterone Affects Gaze Aversion From Angry Faces Outside of Conscious Awareness. Psychological Science. 2012; 23 (5) 459-463.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/testosterone-mediates-eye-gaze-patterns-against-angry-faces/

Emery, N. J. (2000). The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 581–604.

Fisher, H. E. (1998). Lust, attraction, and attachment in mammalian reproduction. Human Nature, 9, 23–52.

Hatfield, E., & Sprecher, S. (1986). Measuring passionate love in intimate relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 9, 383–410.

Hietanen, J. K. (1999). Does your gaze direction and head orientation shift my visual attention? Neuroreport, 10, 3443–3447.

Horley K, Williams LM, Gonsalvez C, Gordon E (2003) Social phobics do not see eye to eye: a visual scanpath study of emotional expression processing. J Anxiety Disord 17:33–44

Jones, B. C., Main, J. C., DeBruine, L. M., Little, A. C., & Welling, L. L. M. (2010). Reading the look of love: Sexually dysmorphic cues in opposite-sex faces influence
gaze categorization. Psychological Science, 21, 796–798.
doi:10.1177/0956797610370756

Jenkins, R., Beaver, J.D., & Calder, A.J. (2006). I thought you were looking at me: Direction-specific aftereffects in gaze perception. Psychological Science, 17, 506–513.

Kampe, K.K.W. ; Frith, C.D. ; Dolan, R.J. ; Frith, U. Direct eye contact with attractive faces activates brain areas associated with ‘reward’ and ‘reward expectation’ Neuroimage. 2001. 13(6): 425-425.

Kellerman, J., Lewis, J., & Laird, J. D. (1989). Looking and loving: The effects of mutual gaze on feelings of romantic love. Journal of Research in Personality, 23, 145–161.

Land, M. F., & Lee, D. N. (1994). Where we look when we steer. Nature, 369, 742–744.

McAndrew. 1986. Arousal seeking and the maintenance of mutual gaze in same and mixed sex dyads Source: Journal of nonverbal behavior. 10(3):168-172.

Macrae, C. N., Hood, B. M., Milne, A. B., Rowe, A. C., & Mason, M. F. (2002). Are you looking at me? Eye gaze and person perception. Psychological Science, 13, 460–464.

Mason, M. F., Tatkow, E. P., & Macrae, C. N. (2005). The look of love: Gaze shifts and person perception. Psychological Science, 16, 236–239. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00809.x.

Morand, S. M., Grosbas, M.-H., Caldara, R., & Harvey, M. (2010). Looking away from faces: Influence of high-level visual processes on saccade programming. Journal of Vision, 10(3), Article 16. Retrieved from http://www.journalofvision.org/content/10/3/16.full

Mulac, A., Studley, L., Wiemann, J., & Bradac, J. 1987. Male/female gaze in same-sex and mixed-sex dyads. Human Communication Research. 13: 323-343.

Palermo, R., & Rhodes, G. (2007). Are you always on my mind? A review of how face perception and attention interact. Neuropsychologia, 45, 75–92.

Rupp, H. A., & Wallen, K. (2007). Sex differences in viewing sexual stimuli: An eye-tracking study in men and women. Hormones and Behavior, 51, 524–533.

Strick, Madelijn ; Holland, Rob W. ; Van Knippenberg, Ad. Seductive Eyes: Attractiveness and Direct Gaze Increase Desire for Associated Objects Cognition. 2008. 106(3): 1487-1496.

Automatic gesture, Closed facial gestures, Dislike (nonverbal), Leaked or involuntary body language, Microexpression, Microgestures, Micromessaging, Negative body language, Rejection body language

Body Language of Nose Crinkle, Nose Turning or Nose Shrug

by Chris • October 24, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Nose Crinkle, Nose Turning or Nose Shrug

Cue: Nose Crinkle

Synonym(s): Half-Sneer, Nose Shrug, Nose Turning, Nose Twitch, similar to a sneer.

Description: The nose momentary twitches to the side. Imagine a half sneer where the nose moves to one side rather than flexes in a full sneer.

In One Sentence: The nose crinkle signals a negative thought.

How To Use it: The nose crinkle is highly effective when used as a microexpression to show distain. Following a statement you disagree with, crinkle the nose by flexing the muscles around it forming an expression similar to disgust. This should be held only momentarily and follow the statement immediately. Since the cue is held for such a small amount of time, flashing it shows your true feelings, but since it’s not vocal or persistent, carries less weight and therefore puts you at less risk to scrutiny.

The signal can also be used between two parties whom wish to share a secrete dislike. For example, eye contact toward a friend coupled with a nose crinkle upon the entry of a new associate indicates dislike.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I don’t like what I’m seeing or hearing and it’s forcing my nose to crinkle up as if I’m taking in a particularly offensive odor.”

Variant: The nose might do a full sneer with both sides of the nose flexing in unison.

Cue In Action: When it was suggested that the lunch hour be reduced from a full hour to half that in order to boost productivity, the associate shrugged his nose to the side in a half-sneer. It was obvious that he wasn’t in favour of the motion.

Meaning and/or Motivation: A signal of dislike or disbelief as if a person is moving their nose away from a disagreeable smell.

Cue Cluster: The nose turning is associated with other negative body language, watch for eyebrows to come together in grief, eye rolling, head turning away and eye contact toward supporters rather to the presenter of the information. The body might also be turned away from the presenter of the information.

Body Language Category: Automatic gesture, Closed facial gestures, Dislike (nonverbal), Leaked or involuntary body language, Microexpression, Microgestures, Micromessaging, Negative body language, Rejection body language.

*No Photo, Leaked or involuntary body language, Microgestures, Micromessaging

Body Language of Micronodding

by Chris • October 24, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Micronodding

Cue: Micronodding

Synonym(s): N/A

Description: A barely perceptible dip of the head usually at the end of a sentence or statement with a return to the upright position.

In One Sentence: Micronodding tells others that concealed agreement is present.

How To Use it: Use the micronod to encourage others to speak without signaling a desire to cut them off. A micronod is a way to tell others that you agree with them without being overt. It’s also useful when you don’t want to be called upon to add anything new to a conversation – a silent agreement.

When you boss is speaking, a micronod can signal that you and he are on the same page. The same works between spouses and friends. A micronod can also substitute for actual listening. A few nods here and there will show that you are “listening.” Most will read this as “I understand.”

The micronod can also punctuate sentences, especially when they are provocative. In other words, a micronod is a way to throw down a challenge. This will help assert your points and show others that you are confident in what you are saying.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: a) “I’m fully committed to my statement and nod slightly to show that I’m willing to stand behind it. I issue my confidence in my idea as a challenge.” b) “I agree with what you are saying, but don’t want to be known for it so I’m doing my best to stifle it.”

Variant: See Head Nod.

Cue In Action: George Bush habitually micronodded his head while uttering the words “make no mistake.”

Meaning and/or Motivation: A micronod is usually aimed at the listener as a slight attack and commitment to what is being said.

Other times, a micronod signals covert or reserved agreement which is stifled, but still manages to leak from the body. In this form, it signals that a person does not wish to be known for agreement. Take for example a micronod while agreeing that the team of which you form a part, isn’t as superior to the other team. While you might consciously or even subconsciously agree with the statement, you wouldn’t want to overtly endorse it to betray your teammates or admit weakness.

Cue Cluster: N/A

Body Language Category: Leaked or involuntary body language, Microgestures, Micromessaging.

Resources:

Austin, Keith ; Theakston, Anna ; Lieven, Elena ; Tomasello, Michael Eccles, Jacquelynne S. (editor). Young Children’s Understanding of Denial. Developmental Psychology. 2014. 50(8): 2061-2070.

Akiyama, M. M. (1985). Denials in young children from a cross-linguistic perspective. Child Development, 56, 95–102. doi:10.2307/1130177

Cassell, J., & Thórisson, K. R. (1999). The power of a nod and a glance: Envelope vs.
emotional feedback in animated conversational agents. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 13, 519–538.

Cameron-Faulkner, T., Lieven, E., & Theakston, A. (2007). What part of no do children not understand? A usage-based account of multiword negation. Journal of Child Language, 34, 251–282. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.08.017

Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding. Semiotica. 1969. 1: 49–98.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/relationship-verbal-nonverbal-communication/

Fusaro, M., & Harris, P. L. (2013). Dax gets the nod: Toddlers detect and use social cues to evaluate testimony. Developmental Psychology, 49, 514–522. doi:10.1037/a0030580

Fusaro, M., Harris, P. L., & Pan, B. A. (2012). Head nodding and head shaking gestures in children’s early communication. First Language, 32, 439–458. doi:10.1177/0142723711419326

Gräfenhain, M., Behne, T., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2009). One-year-olds’ understanding of nonverbal gestures directed to a third person. Cognitive Development, 24, 23–33. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2008.10.001

Guidetti, M. (2005). Yes or no? How do young children combine gestures and words to agree and refuse. Journal of Child Language, 32, 911–924. doi:10.1017/S0305000905007038

Gregersen, Tammy S. Nonverbal Cues: Clues to the Detection of Foreign Language Anxiety. Foreign Language Annals. 2005. 38(3): 388-400
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/what-anxious-learners-can-tell-us-about-anxious-body-language-how-to-read-nonverbal-behavior/

Hurley, Carolyn. Do you see what I see? Learning to detect micro expressions of emotion. Motivation and Emotion. 2012. 36(3): 371-381.

Hummer, P., Wimmer, H., & Antes, G. (1993). On the origins of denial negation. Journal of Child Language, 20, 607– 618. doi:10.1017/S0305000900008503

Hurley, Carolyn. Do you see what I see? Learning to detect micro expressions of emotion. Motivation and Emotion. 2012. 36(3): 371-381.

Kim, K. J. (1985). Development of the concept of truth-functional negation. Developmental Psychology, 21, 462–472. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.3.462

Liu, C., Ishi, C. T., Ishiguro, H., & Hagita, N. (2012). Generation of nodding, head tilting and eye gazing for human–robot dialogue interaction. In Human–Robot interaction (HRI), 2012 7th ACM/IEEE international conference on (pp. 285–292). IEEE Press.

Murphy, Nora A.; Judith A. Hall; Marianne Schmid Mast; Mollie A. Ruben; Denise Frauendorfer; Danielle Blanch-Hartigan; Debra L. Roter and Laurent Nguyen. Reliability and Validity of Nonverbal Thin Slices in Social Interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2015 41(2): 199-213.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/thin-slices-nonverbal-behaviour-enough/

Matsumoto, David ; Hwang, Hyi. Evidence for training the ability to read microexpressions of emotion. Motivation and Emotion. 2011. 35(2): 181-191.

Porter, Stephen ; Ten Brinke, Leanne. Reading between the lies: identifying concealed and falsified emotions in universal facial expressions. Psychological science. 2008. 19(5): 508-14.

Shen, Xun-bing ; Wu, Qi ; Fu, Xiao-lan. Effects of the duration of expressions on the recognition of microexpressions. Journal of Zhejiang University. 2012. 13(3): 221-230.

Sun Jung, Hyo Sun and Hye Hyun Yoon. The Effects of Nonverbal Communication of Employees in the Family Restaurant Upon Customers’ Emotional Responses and Customer Satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2011. 30: 542-550.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/effect-body-languagel-cues-family-restaurant/

Teixeira Fiquer, Juliana; Paulo Sérgio Boggio and Clarice Gorenstein. Talking Bodies: Nonverbal Behavior in the Assessment of Depression Severity. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013. 150: 1114-1119.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/using-nonverbal-behaviour-to-assess-depression-severity/

Tam, C. W., & Stokes, S. F. (2001). Form and function of negation in early developmental Cantonese. Journal of Child Language, 28, 373–391. doi:10.1017/S0305000901004688

Vaidyanathan, R. (1991). Development of forms and functions of negation in the early. tages of language acquisition: A study in Tamil. Journal of Child Language, 18, 51–66. doi:10.1017/S0305000900013295

Ventreli, Mario R. ; Simon, Neal. How I learned to stop worrying about liars and love microexpressions. American Journal of Family Law. 2012. 25(4): 143(5).

Wode, H. (1977). Four early stages in the development of L1 negation. Journal of Child Language, 4, 87–102. doi:10.1017/S0305000900000490

Wells, Gary, L. and Richard E. Petty. The Effects of Overt Head Movements on Persuasion: Compatibility and Incompatibility of Responses. Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 1980. 1(3): 219-230.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/how-learning-primes-body-language-on-head-nodding-nonverbals/

Young, Stephen. Micro messaging : why great leadership is beyond words. New York. McGraw-Hill. 2007.

Yan, Wen-Jing ; Wu, Qi ; Liang, Jing ; Chen, Yu-Hsin ; Fu, Xiaolan. How Fast are the Leaked Facial Expressions: The Duration of Micro-Expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2013. 37(4): 217-230.

*No Photo, Aggressive body language, Anger body language, Arrogance or arrogant body language, Disengagement body language, Dislike (nonverbal), Dominant body language, Eye Language, Hostile body language, Microgestures, Micromessaging, Threat displays

Body Language of Looking Past People or Looking Through People

by Chris • October 24, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Looking Past People or Looking Through People

Cue: Looking Past People or Looking Through People.

Synonym(s): N/A

Description: The deliberate avoidance of eye contact by defocusing the eyes. The eye cue will make is seem as though people are being peering through, gazed upon as an object, or as if are being looked right through, as if not in existence.

In One Sentence: Looking through people is to dehumanize.

How To Use it: Looking through people is a strong nonverbal message. It is useful when you wish to power-play a person. It says that they are not even worth acknowledging. Thus it is extremely powerful and should used with care. To wag a nonverbal war, this is the go-to signal. At social events, you might look in the general direction or even at a person with a dead pan expression without making any verbal acknowledgement. You’ve got them, if they so much as nod or smile in view of this signal. Any acknowledgment, by them, says that they still wish to interact with you, and thus relinquish to you, social power. The signal is especially potent when done to loved ones because it reduces them to the status of an object.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I see you but I look at you as if you don’t exist or only exist as a non-human entity so my eyes glaze over and I lack any sort of facial expression. My eye contact is overt, but piercing and causes discomfort. I’m trying to dehumanize you and project superiority, dominance and dismissal.”

Variant: Staring or The Evil Eye, Eye Aversion, Gaze Avoidance and Wandering Eyes, Downcast Eyes or Eyes Down, Eye Rolling or Eye Shrug, Eye Squinting or Narrowing Eyes.

Cue In Action: She looked at her rival with contempt, casting eye-darts at her. When she tried to apologize, she peered right through her, as if she didn’t exist.

Meaning and/or Motivation: The nonverbal interpretation of such a cue includes dominance, superiority, dismissal, or outright rudeness.

This is an intense form of eye contact avoidance especially when done to quell the desired connectivity of another person especially while participating in a conversation. Looking through someone is often done across the room where distance creates additional separation and meaning.

When looking through others, a person who wishes to show distain will take an active stance at minimizing their interaction and dehumanize through glaring without affect, or facial expressions while peering longer than usual to drive the point.

Cue Cluster: The eyes and face are usually blank, a person will usually maintain a conversation with another person or will carry on with another activity without interruption.

Body Language Category: Arrogance or arrogant body language, Aggressive body language, Anger body language, Disengagement, Dislike (nonverbal), Dominant body language, Eye Language, Hostile body language, Microgestures, Micromessaging, Threat displays.

Resources:

Aguinis, Herman ; Simonsen, Melissam. ; Pierce, Charlesa. Effects of Nonverbal Behavior on Perceptions of Power Bases. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1998. 138(4): 455-469.

Aguinis, Herman ; Henle, Christinea. Effects of Nonverbal Behavior on Perceptions of a Female Employee’s Power Bases. The Journal of Social Psychology. 2001 141(4): 537-549.

Argyle, Michael; Lefebvre, Luc; Cook, Mark 1974. The meaning of five patterns of gaze. European Journal of Social Psychology. 4(2): 125-136.

Argyle, M., and Ingham, R. 1972. Gaze, mutual gaze, and proximity. Semiotica, 1, 32–49.

Argyle, M. and Cook, M. Gaze and Mutual Gaze. London: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Allan Mazur; Eugene Rosa; Mark Faupel; Joshua Heller; Russell Leen; Blake Thurman. Physiological Aspects of Communication Via Mutual Gaze. The American Journal of Sociology. 1980; 86(1): 50-74.

Breed, G., Christiansen, E., & Larson, D. 1972. Effect of lecturer’s gaze direction upon teaching effectiveness. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 2: 115.

Chen, Yi-Chia ; Yeh, Su-Ling. Look into my eyes and I will see you: Unconscious processing of human gaze. Consciousness and Cognition. 2012 21(4): 1703-1710.

Carvajal, Fernando ; Rubio, Sandra ; Serrano, Juan ; Ríos-Lago, Marcos ; Alvarez-Linera, Juan ; Pacheco, Lara ; Martín, Pilar. Is a neutral expression also a neutral stimulus? A study with functional magnetic resonance. Experimental Brain Research, 2013. 228(4): 467-479.

Ellsworth, Phoebe; Carlsmith, J Merrill. 1973. Eye contact and gaze aversion in an aggressive encounter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28(2): 280-292.

Foddy, Margaret 1978. Patterns of Gaze in Cooperative and Competitive Negotiation Human Relations. 31(11):925-938.

Heisel, Marnin ; Mongrain, Myriam. Facial Expressions and Ambivalence: Looking for Conflict in All the Right Faces. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2004. 28(1): 35-52.

Jenkins, R., Beaver, J.D., & Calder, A.J. (2006). I thought you were looking at me: Direction-specific aftereffects in gaze perception. Psychological Science, 17, 506–513.

Kellerman. 1989. Looking and loving: The effects of mutual gaze on feelings of romantic love. Journal of Research in Personality. 23(2): 145-161.

Kendon, A. Some Functions of Gaze Direction in Social Interaction. Acta Psychologica. 1967. 32: 1-25.

Kleinke, C. L. 1980. Interaction between gaze and legitimacy of request on compliance in a field setting. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 5(1): 3-12.

King, Laura A. Ambivalence over emotional expression and reading emotions in situations and faces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998 74(3): 753(10)

Leeb. 2004. Here’s Looking at You, Kid! A Longitudinal Study of Perceived Gender Differences in Mutual Gaze Behavior in Young Infants Source: Sex Roles. 50(1-2): 1-14.

Langer, Julia and Rodebaugh, Thomas. Social Anxiety and Gaze Avoidance: Averting Gaze but not Anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2013, Vol.37(6): 1110-1120.

McAndrew. 1986. Arousal seeking and the maintenance of mutual gaze in same and mixed sex dyads Source: Journal of nonverbal behavior. 10(3):168-172.

Mulac, A., Studley, L., Wiemann, J., & Bradac, J. 1987. Male/female gaze in same-sex and mixed-sex dyads. Human Communication Research. 13: 323-343.

Natale, Michael. 1976. A Markovian model of adult gaze behavior. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 5(1): 53-63.

Phelps, F., Doherty-Sneddon, G., & Warnock Educational Psychology., 27, 91-107. (2006). Functional benefits of children’s gaze aversion during questioning. British Journal Developmental Psychology. 24: 577-588.

Rosenfeld, H., Breck, B., Smith, S., & Kehoe, S. 1984. Intimacy-mediators of the proximity-gaze compensation effect: Movement, conversational role, acquaintance, and gender. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 8: 235-249.

Sturman, Edward D. Invluntary Subordination and Its Relation to Personality, Mood, and Submissive Behavior. Psychological Assessment. 2011. 23(1): 262-276 DOI: 10.1037/a0021499
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/nonverbal-submission-men-women-depression-critical-examination-use-disuse-submission/

Straube, Thomas ; Langohr, Bernd ; Schmidt, Stephanie ; Mentzel, Hans-Joachim ; Miltner, Wolfgang H.R. Increased amygdala activation to averted versus direct gaze in humans is independent of valence of facial expression. NeuroImage. 2010 49(3): 2680-2686.

Topel, Eva-Maria ; Lachmann, Frankm. Nonverbal Dialogues: Orienting and Looking Behaviors Between Aggressive and Violent Children and Adolescents and Their Therapist. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy. 2007. 6(4): 285-307.

Underwood, M. K.. Glares of Contempt, Eye Rolls of Disgust and Turning Away to Exclude: Non-Verbal Forms of Social Aggression among Girls. Feminism & Psychology. 2004 14(3): 371-375.

Vanderhasselt, Marie – Anne ; Kühn, Simone ; De Raedt, Rudi. Put on your poker face’: neural systems supporting the anticipation for expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2013 8(8): 903-910.

Williams. 1993. Effects of Mutual Gaze and Touch on Attraction, Mood, and Cardiovascular Reactivity Source: Journal of Research in Personality. 27(2): 170-183.

Weisfeld, Glenn E. and Jody M. Beresford. Erectness of Posture as an Indicator of Dominance or Success in Humans. Motivation and Emotion. 1982. 6(2): 113-130.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/body-language-cues-dominance-submission-children/

*No Photo, Aggressive body language, Anger body language, Dislike (nonverbal), Doubt or disbelief body language, Eye Language, Hostile body language, Microgestures, Micromessaging, Threat displays

Body Language of Looking Askance

by Chris • October 24, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Looking Askance

Cue: Looking Askance.

Synonym(s): Sideways Glance, Sidelong Glance, Glancing Sideways.

Description: Looking askance is a nonverbal cue that is done with the eyes and head in combination. It is done by tilting the head slightly to the side but stopping short of facing head-on. The eyes are then rolled the rest of the way with the face forming a scowl.

In One Sentence: Looking askance is a signal of disapproval.

How To Use it: Mothers, wives and girlfriends can use the signal to show nonverbal aggression and disapproval. If done with eyes and faces that are stern, it will show aggression. Used effectively, the glare will stop conversation or bad behaviour in its tracks. The cue can also be used by men, but it is much more effectively used by women.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “You didn’t just say that, you better start backpedaling.” “I heard what you said loud and clear, but I’m not buying what you’re selling.”

Variant: See Eye Rolling or Eye Shrug.

Cue In Action: He was about to grab some more candy from the treat shelf in the pantry. Mom stopped, looked askance at her little boy. He frozen-in-plain-sight, hunched up his shoulders and scuttled away. Not one word needed to be said.

Meaning and/or Motivation: This face shows disapproval, distrust and suspicion. It indicates hostility when accompanied by appropriate cues in a cluster such as a harsh stare and hard eyes.

Alternatively it can spell attraction or interest when it is done so as to avoid detection such as when stealing a look.

This cue is commonly associated with a disapproving mother-type, although this is usually in its exaggerated form. When the gesture happens quickly it is usually disapproval, judgment and questioning as if to suggest that something someone said needs to be taken back because it was judged to be unintelligent or rude.

Cue Cluster: Looking askance is a standalone cue as it speaks volumes. It is generally accompanied by a rigid body tone and fixed gaze.

Body Language Category: Aggressive body language, Anger body language, Dislike (nonverbal), Doubt or disbelief body language, Eye Language, Hostile body language, Microexpressions, Micromessaging, Threat displays.

Resources:

Argyle, Michael; Lefebvre, Luc; Cook, Mark 1974. The meaning of five patterns of gaze. European Journal of Social Psychology. 4(2): 125-136.

Argyle, M., and Ingham, R. 1972. Gaze, mutual gaze, and proximity. Semiotica, 1, 32–49.

Argyle, M. and Cook, M. Gaze and Mutual Gaze. London: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Allan Mazur; Eugene Rosa; Mark Faupel; Joshua Heller; Russell Leen; Blake Thurman. Physiological Aspects of Communication Via Mutual Gaze. The American Journal of Sociology. 1980; 86(1): 50-74.

Breed, G., Christiansen, E., & Larson, D. 1972. Effect of lecturer’s gaze direction upon
teaching effectiveness. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 2: 115.

Bania, Amanda E. ; Stromberg, Erin E. Call, Joseph (editor). The Effect of Body Orientation on Judgments of Human Visual Attention in Western Lowland Gorillas.
Journal of Comparative Psychology. 2013. 127(1): 82-90.

Ellsworth, Phoebe; Carlsmith, J Merrill. 1973. Eye contact and gaze aversion in an aggressive encounter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28(2): 280-292.

Foddy, Margaret 1978. Patterns of Gaze in Cooperative and Competitive Negotiation
Human Relations. 31(11):925-938.

Friesen, C.K., & Kingstone, A. (1998). The eyes have it: Reflexive orienting is triggered by nonpredictive gaze. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 490–493.

George, N., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001). Seen gaze-direction modulates fusiform activity and its coupling with other brain areas during face processing. Neuroimage, 13, 1102–1112.

Hietanen, J. K. (1999). Does your gaze direction and head orientation shift my visual attention? Neuroreport, 10, 3443–3447.

Harrigan J. and Rosenthal R. Physicians’ head and body positions as determinants of perceived rapport. J. appl. Sot. Psychol. 13, 496, 1983.

Hietanen, Jari. Social attention orienting integrates visual information from head and body orientation. Psychological Research.2002 66(3): 174-179.

Heisel, Marnin ; Mongrain, Myriam. Facial Expressions and Ambivalence: Looking for Conflict in All the Right Faces. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2004. 28(1): 35-52.

Kellerman. 1989. Looking and loving: The effects of mutual gaze on feelings of romantic love. Journal of Research in Personality. 23(2): 145-161.

Kendon, A. Some Functions of Gaze Direction in Social Interaction. Acta Psychologica. 1967. 32: 1-25.

Kleinke, C. L. 1980. Interaction between gaze and legitimacy of request on compliance in a field setting. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 5(1): 3-12.

Kawashima, R., Sugiura, M., Kato, T., Nakamura, A., Hatano, K., Ito, K., Fukuda, H., Kojima, S., & Nakamura, K. (1999). The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring: A PET study. Brain, 122, 779–783.

King, Laura A. Ambivalence over emotional expression and reading emotions in situations and faces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998 74(3): 753(10)

Langton, S. R. H. (2000). The mutual influence of gaze and head orientation in the analysis of social attention direction. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53A, 825–845.

Langton, S. R. H., & Bruce, V. (1999). Reflexive visual orienting in response to the social attention of others. Visual Cognition, 6, 541–567.

Langton, S. R. H., & Bruce, V. (2000). You must see the point: Automatic processing of cues to the direction of social attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 747–757.

Leeb. 2004. Here’s Looking at You, Kid! A Longitudinal Study of Perceived Gender Differences in Mutual Gaze Behavior in Young Infants Source: Sex Roles. 50(1-2): 1-14.

Langer, Julia and Rodebaugh, Thomas. Social Anxiety and Gaze Avoidance: Averting Gaze but not Anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2013, Vol.37(6): 1110-1120.

Lance, Brent ; Marsella, Stacy. Glances, glares, and glowering: how should a virtual human express emotion through gaze? Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 2010. 20(1): 50-69

McAndrew. 1986. Arousal seeking and the maintenance of mutual gaze in same and mixed sex dyads Source: Journal of nonverbal behavior. 10(3):168-172.

Mulac, A., Studley, L., Wiemann, J., & Bradac, J. 1987. Male/female gaze in same-sex
and mixed-sex dyads. Human Communication Research. 13: 323-343.

Matsumoto, David. Scalar Ratings Of Contempt Expressions Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2005. 29(2): 91-104.

Natale, Michael. 1976. A Markovian model of adult gaze behavior. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 5(1): 53-63.

Navarro, Joe. 2008. What Every BODY is Saying: An Ex-FBI Agent’s Guide to Speed-Reading People. William Morrow Paperbacks.

Robinson, Jeffrey David. Getting Down to Business Talk, Gaze, and Body Orientation During Openings of Doctor-Patient Consultations. Human Communication Research. 1998. 25(1): 97-123.

Underwood, M. K.. Glares of Contempt, Eye Rolls of Disgust and Turning Away to Exclude: Non-Verbal Forms of Social Aggression among Girls. Feminism & Psychology. 2004 14(3): 371-375.

Williams. 1993. Effects of Mutual Gaze and Touch on Attraction, Mood, and Cardiovascular Reactivity Source: Journal of Research in Personality. 27(2): 170-183.

Wicker, B., Michel, F., Henaff, M.-A., & Decety, J. (1998). Brain regions involved in the perception of gaze: A PET study. Neuroimage, 8, 221–227.

Aggressive body language, Clenching and gripping, Courtship display, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI), Masked body language, Micromessaging, Nervous Body Language, Pacifying body language, Stressful body language, Worry body language

Body Language of Lip Biting or Biting The Lip

by Chris • October 23, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Lip Biting or Biting The Lip

Cue: Lip Biting or Biting The Lip

Synonym(s): Biting The Lip.

Description: Lightly biting the top or bottom lip with the teeth suddenly and in response to a particular stimuli or habitually and chronically.

In One Sentence: Lip biting is a sign of self restraint.

How To Use it: Women in dating can use the signal to show men that they are holding back “negative” or rather, naughty, sexually thoughts. When done properly with eye contact the signal is unmistakable. To send an even more powerful message, women should cast their eyes to the rest of the man’s body as this signals a desire for more than just friendship.

You might use lip biting in regular context to signal that you are holding back your tongue. This shows nonverbal disagreement without the risk of having to actually speak out.

Avoid chronic lip biting and chewing as this will tell others that you are self harming due to insecurity or anxiety.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m biting my lip to hold myself back because I feel that if I stop biting, my lips might be free to say something I will regret.”

Variant: As the lip bite indicates that thoughts are being held back, a woman may use it in a dating context to signal that she is holding back naughty sexual thoughts. It is particularly salient when combined with eye contact or eyes dropping to his torso, genitals, or rump. See Lip Chewing or Chewing The Lips.

Cue In Action: She was biting her lip when her boyfriend bought her some really nice flowers, but ones of which she had previously experienced an allergic reaction.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Biting the mouth indicates hidden insecurity, anxiety, embarrassment, vulnerability and a lack of self confidence. It’s main cause, however, is that an idea is being held back – “by the skin of their teeth.” It’s where the saying goes “biting one’s lip” when voicing their opinion is what someone truly desires.

However, when someone bites their lip, they feel that their idea will not be well received or they don’t feel confident enough to stand up to challenges that might raise. Other times a person bites their lip because they are carrying a negative thought they don’t want to share.

When lip biting is done chronically, it can signal persistent underlying negative feelings. In this case, lip biting is in effort to calm and pacify through energy displacement and by offering them a source of control over their pain. It is a milder version of self cutting where high anxiety individuals will use knives to scare themselves because they feel their internal world is beyond their control.

Biting the lip has also been commonly associated with female sexual seduction where the lip is bitten while observing an attractive man. The roots are similar to what is mentioned above, that is, a restraint mechanism, where the woman holds herself back from acting on her sexual impulses.

Cue Cluster: Alongside lip biting expect to see eyes averted, head down, body turned away or loose trying to blend in, hands in the pockets or hidden under a table, neck scratching or holding the back of the neck in restraint.

Body Language Category: Aggressive body language, Courtship display, Clenching and gripping, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Masked emotions, Micromessaging, Nervous body language, Pacifying body language, Stressful body language, Worry body language.

Resources:

Breau, Lynn M. ; Camfield, Carol S. ; Symons, Frank J. ; Bodfish, James W. ; MacKay, Alison ; Finley, G.Allen ; McGrath, Patrick J. Relation between pain and self-injurious behavior in nonverbal children with severe cognitive impairments. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 142(5): 498-503.

Croyle, Kristin L. ; Waltz, Jennifer. Subclinical Self-Harm: Range of Behaviors, Extent, and Associated Characteristics. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2007. 77(2): 332-342.

Colville, G A; Mok, Q. Psychological management of two cases of self injury on the paediatric intensive care unit. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003. 88(4): 335.

Feteih RM: Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders and Oral Parafunctions in Urban Saudi Arabian Adolescents: A Research Report. Head Face Med. 2006. 2: 25.

Ghanizadeh, Ahmad and Hajar Shekoohi. Prevalence of Nail Biting and its Association With Mental Health in a Community Sample of Children. BMC Research Notes. 4 (Apr. 11, 2011): p116. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-116.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/body-language-nail-biting/

Gavish A, Halachmi M, Winocur E, Gazit E: Oral Habits and Their Association With Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders in Adolescent Girls. Journal of Oral Rehabilation. 2000, 27(1): 22-32.

Ghanizadeh A: Association of Nail Biting and Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Their Parents in a Psychiatrically Referred Sample of Children. Child Adolescents
Psychiatry Mental Health. 2008. 2(1):13.

Ghanizadeh, Ahmad. Association of nail biting and psychiatric disorders in children and their parents in a psychiatrically referred sample of children.(Research)(Clinical report). Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2008. 2(13): 13.

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Amplifier, Courtship display, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI), Leaked or involuntary body language, Metronomic signals, Micromessaging

Body Language of The Hip Tilt

by Chris • October 23, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of The Hip Tilt

Cue: Hip Tilt

Synonym(s): Hip Canting, Pushing A Hip Out, Hip Swing, Hip Jut, Hip Sway, Hip Roll, Pelvic Tilt, Rotating The Pelvis, Tilting The Pelvis, Rolling The Pelvis, Pelvis Roll, Wiggling.

Description: A female posture. a) Women can be seen slouching to one side forcing their hips out to emphasize their curves. b) While sitting or standing, a woman may subtly roll her pelvis to draw attention to her sexuality.

In One Sentence: The hip tilt is a feminine gesture meant to emphasis the allure of wide childbearing hips.

How To Use it: Women may cant their hips to the side to showcase their fertility to men. In a dating context, dropping one hip emphasizes curves that separate men from women. While walking, a hip sway is particularly effective in attracting or maintaining male attention. Girls are known to adopt this posture early in life which may be the result of modeling older women, or perhaps a genetic predisposition.

Context: Dating.

Verbal Translation: “My hips are wider than yours and I want to draw male gaze so I’m going to exaggerate and draw attention to my wider, sexier hips, by titling to the side or walking with an exaggerated swing.”

Variant: See Parade (the).

Cue In Action: She was it. She made her way across the room to the bar to order a drink and every man’s gaze was drawn in by her cat-walk. Her hips moved hypnotically from side-to-side with each step. She owned the room in her little black dress.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Women naturally have wider hips than men in order to accommodate childbirth and it is the exaggeration of the differences between men and women the makes this sexy.

The hip emphasis posture is pervasive in fashion and advertising. We see women slouching to one side forcing their hips out to emphasize their curves, or walk in an exaggerated way, bouncing their hips up and down as if on a pendulum. Picturing this parade or “cat-walk” in the nude and you get the sense that there is an obviously hypnotic purpose to the method. Because the hips move about a center pivot, the eye is drawn front and center to the woman’s genitals which act as a beacon. Studies show us that women out of committed relationship naturally walk by exaggerating the hips to attract attention.

It has been noted that even girls as young as five to six years of age will “strike a pose” by jutting their hips out to the side. This suggests that its origins are innate, though it could also be mirrored from fashion and magazine advertisements. Curiously, boys are rarely seen performing this posture unless in jest, suggesting it’s sex specific.

Cue Cluster: The hip tilt gesture might be accompanied by a sideways glance and slightly parted wet lips, which could be unconsciously exaggerated by saliva or lipstick. Also watch for back arched, stomach flat, breasts protruding, and head held high.