Category: Eye Language

Disengagement body language, Dislike (nonverbal), Escape movements, Eye Language, Indicators of disinterest (IOD)

Body Language of The Eye Shuttle

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of The Eye Shuttle

Cue: Eye Shuttle (The)

Synonym(s): Eyes Flicked Left And Right, Eye Darting, Flicking The Eyes.

Description: A left and right flick of the eyes back and forth while the head remains still.

In One Sentence: Shuttling the eyes back and forth signals uneasiness or a desire to escape.

How To Use it: Use the eye shuttle to tell others that you want to leave by shifting your eyes from them to doorway and back. This can help them speed up the conversation by applying nonverbal pressure. Rather than appearing rude outright, the eye shuttle can tell others the same thing with fewer risks.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “If I can find a door, I think I can make an escape so I’m going to flick my eyes around the room until I find a sure thing. I’m going to do it discreetly so I’m not noticed – I’ll keep my head steady and will continue talking and smiling.

Cue In Action: When Dave joined the discussion, Mark began to shift his gaze around the room left and right yet he remained in place, smiling and entertaining the group with his usual jokes. It was obvious that Mark didn’t like Dave all that much and wanted to get out of there.

Meaning and/or Motivation: This is a cue that someone is subconsciously seeking an escape route without trying to be noticed.

Cue Cluster: The eye shuttle will be connected to feigned cues of interest such as smiling, open body language, palm displays and so forth since the motivation behind the cue is to exit the situation covertly (rather than honestly).

Body Language Category: Disengagement, Dislike (nonverbal), Escape movements, Eye Language, Indicators of disinterest (IOD).

Resources:

Allison, T., Puce, A., & McCarthy, G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Neurosciences, 4, 267–278.

Broth, Mathias and Lorenza Mondada. Walking Away: The Embodied Achievement of Activity Closings in Mobile Interaction. Journal of Pragmatics. 2013. 47: 41-58.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/nonverbally-negotiate-conversation-walking-away/

Brooks, C. I., Church, M. A., & Fraser, L. 1986. Effects of duration of eye contact on judgments of personality characteristics. Journal of Social Psychology. 126: 71–78.

Bond, C. F., Kahler, K. N., & Paolicelli, L. M. (1985). The miscommunication of deception: An adaptive perspective. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 331–345. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(85)90034-4

Burns, J. A., & Kintz, B. L. (1976). Eye contact while lying during an interview. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 7, 87–89.

Baxter, James C., and Richard M. Rozelle (1975). “Nonverbal Expression as a Function of Crowding During a Simulated Police-Citizen Encounter.” In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 32, No. 1), pp. 40-54.

Davis, Flora (1971). Inside Intuition: What We Know About Nonverbal Communication (San Francisco: McGraw-Hill).

Davis 1978. Camera Eye-Contact by the Candidates in the Presidential Debates of 1976 Source: The journalism quarterly. 55 (3): 431 -437.

Einav, Shiri ; Hood, Bruce M. García Coll, Cynthia (editor). Tell-Tale Eyes: Children’s Attribution of Gaze Aversion as a Lying Cue. Developmental Psychology. 2008. 44(6): 1655-1667.

Ellsworth, Phoebe; Carlsmith, J Merrill. 1973. Eye contact and gaze aversion in an aggressive encounter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28(2): 280-292.

Friesen, C.K., & Kingstone, A. (1998). The eyes have it: Reflexive orienting is triggered by nonpredictive gaze. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 490–493.

George, N., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001). Seen gaze-direction modulates fusiform activity and its coupling with other brain areas during face processing. Neuroimage, 13, 1102–1112.

Gordon, A. K. and A. G. Miller. 2000. Perspective differences in the construal of lies: is deception in the eye of the beholder? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 (1): 46-55.

Gilliam, Harold V. B.; Van Den Berg, Sjef. 1980. Different Levels of Eye Contact: Effects on Black and White College Students. Urban Education. 15 (1): 83-92.

Goldman. 1980. Effect of Eye Contact and Distance on the Verbal Reinforcement of Attitude. The Journal of social psychology 111(1): 73 -78.

Greene 1979. Title: Need-Fulfillment and Consistency Theory: Relationships Between Self-Esteem and Eye Contact. Source: Western journal of speech communication. 43(2): 123 -133.

Galin, D. and Ornstein, R., 1974. Individual Differences in Cognitive Style – Reflective Eye Movements; Neuropsychologia, 12: 376-397.
Hietanen, J. K. (1999). Does your gaze direction and head orientation shift my visual attention? Neuroreport, 10, 3443–3447.

Horley K, Williams LM, Gonsalvez C, Gordon E (2003) Social phobics do not see eye to eye: a visual scanpath study of emotional expression processing. J Anxiety Disord 17:33–44

Hietanen, Jari. Social attention orienting integrates visual information from head and body orientation. Psychological Research.2002 66(3): 174-179.

Hocking. 1985. Eye contact contrast effects in the employment interview. Communication research reports 2(1): 5-10.

Hemsley, G. D., & Doob, A. N. (1978). The effects of looking behavior on perceptions of a communicator’s credibility. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 8, 136–144. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1978.tb00772.x

Jenkins, R., Beaver, J.D., & Calder, A.J. (2006). I thought you were looking at me: Direction-specific aftereffects in gaze perception. Psychological Science, 17, 506–513.

Johansson-Stenmen, O. (2008). Who are the trustworthy, we think? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 68, 456–465. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2008.08.004

Jenkins, R., Keane, J., & Calder, A.J. (2007, August). From your eyes only: Gaze adaptation from averted eyes and averted heads. Paper presented at the Thirtieth European Conference on Visual Perception, Arezzo, Italy.

Kawashima, R., Sugiura, M., Kato, T., Nakamura, A., Hatano, K., Ito, K., Fukuda, H., Kojima, S., & Nakamura, K. (1999). The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring: A PET study. Brain, 122, 779–783.

Kaminski, Juliane ; Call, Josep ; Tomasello, Michael. Body orientation and face orientation: two factors controlling apes’ begging behavior from humans. Animal Cognition. 2004. 7(4): 216-223.

Kinsbourne, M., 1972. Eye and Head Turning Indicates Cerebral Lateralization; Science, 179: 539-541.

Kocel, K., et al.,1972. Lateral Eye Movement and Cognitive Mode; Psychon Sci. 27: 223-224.

Knackstedt, G., & Kleinke, C. L. (1991). Eye contact, gender, and personality judgments. Journal of Social Psychology, 131: 303-304.

Konopacki 1987. Eye Movement Betrays a Prospect’s Inner Feelings Source: Marketing news 21(10): 4.

Lance, Brent ; Marsella, Stacy. Glances, glares, and glowering: how should a virtual human express emotion through gaze? Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 2010. 20(1): 50-69

Langer, Julia and Rodebaugh, Thomas. Social Anxiety and Gaze Avoidance: Averting Gaze but not Anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2013, Vol.37(6): 1110-1120.

Langton, S.R.H. (2000). The mutual influence of gaze and head orientation in the analysis of social attention direction. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 53, 825–845.

Langton, S. R. H., & Bruce, V. (1999). Reflexive visual orienting in response to the social attention of others. Visual Cognition, 6, 541–567.

Langton, S. R. H., & Bruce, V. (2000). You must see the point: Automatic processing of cues to the direction of social attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 747–757.

Montgomery, Derek ; Moran, Christy ; Bach, Leslie. The influence of nonverbal cues associated with looking behavior on young children’s mentalistic attributions.
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Mobbs, N.A. 1968. Eye-contact in Relation to Social Introversion-Extraversion. British Journal of Social Clinical Psychology 7: 305-306.

Matsuda, Yoshi-Taka ; Okanoya, Kazuo ; Myowa-Yamakoshi, Masako. Shyness in early infancy: approach-avoidance conflicts in temperament and hypersensitivity to eyes during initial gazes to faces. PloS one. 2013 8(6): pp.e65476

Moukheiber A, Rautureau G, Perez-Diaz F, Soussignan R, Dubal S, Jouvent R, Pelissolo A (2010) Gaze avoidance in social phobia: objective e measure and correlates. Behav Res Ther 48:147–151

Mccarthy, Anjanie ; Lee, Kang. Children’s Knowledge of Deceptive Gaze Cues and Its Relation to Their Actual Lying Behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2009. 103(2): 117-134.

Mann, Samantha ; Ewens, Sarah ; Shaw, Dominic ; Vrij, Aldert ; Leal, Sharon ; Hillman, Jackie. Lying Eyes: Why Liars Seek Deliberate Eye Contact. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. 2013. 20(3): 452-461.

Navarro, Joe. 2008. What Every BODY is Saying: An Ex-FBI Agent’s Guide to Speed-Reading People. William Morrow Paperbacks.

Puce, Allison, T and McCarthy, G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Neurosciences, 4, 267–278.

Perrett, D.I., Hietanen, J.K., Oram, M.W., & Benson, P.J. (1992). Organization and functions of cells responsive to faces in the temporal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 335, 23–30.

Ponari, Marta ; Trojano, Luigi ; Grossi, Dario ; Conson, Massimiliano. “Avoiding or approaching eyes”? Introversion/extraversion affects the gaze-cueing effect. Cognitive Processing. 2013. 14(3): 293-299.

Rutter, D.C; D. C. Pennington, M. E. Dewey and J. Swain. 1984. Eye-contact as a chance product of individual looking: Implications for the intimacy model of Argyle and Dean. Source: Journal of nonverbal behavior. 8(4): 250-258.

Richard Tessler and Lisa Sushelsky. 1978. Effects of eye contact and social status on the perception of a job applicant in an employment interviewing situation. Journal of Vocational Behavior 13(3): 338-347.

Riggio, R. E., & Friedman, H. S. (1983). Individual differences and cues to deception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 899–915. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.899

Stern, Daniel and Estelle Bender (1974). “An Ethological Study of Children Approaching a Strange Adult.” In Richard Friedman et al. (Eds.), Sex Differences in Behavior (New York: John Wiley and Sons), pp. 233-58.

Slessor, Gillian ; Phillips, Louise H. ; Bull, Rebecca ; Venturini, Cristina ; Bonny, Emily J. ; Rokaszewicz, Anna. Investigating the “deceiver stereotype”: do older adults associate averted gaze with deception?(Author abstract). The Journals of Gerontology, Series B. 2012. 67(2): 178(6).

Sporer, S. L., & Schwandt, B. (2007). Moderators of nonverbal indicators of deception: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 13, 1–34. doi: 10.1037/1076-8971.13.1.1

Sitton, Sarah C; Griffin, Susan T. 1981. Detection of deception from clients’ eye contact patterns. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 28(3): 269-271.

Straube, Benjamin ; Green, Antonia ; Jansen, Andreas ; Chatterjee, Anjan ; Kircher, Tilo. Social cues, mentalizing and the neural processing of speech accompanied by gestures. Neuropsychologia. 2010. 48(2): 382-393.

Straube, Thomas ; Langohr, Bernd ; Schmidt, Stephanie ; Mentzel, Hans-Joachim ; Miltner, Wolfgang H.R. Increased amygdala activation to averted versus direct gaze in humans is independent of valence of facial expression. NeuroImage. 2010 49(3): 2680-2686.

Tomasello, M., Hare, B., Lehmann, H., & Call, J. (2007). Reliance on head versus eyes in the gaze following of great apes and human infants: The cooperative eye hypothesis. Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 314–320.

Vrij, A., Harden, E, Terry, J., Edward, K., & Bull, R. (2000). The influence of personal characteristics, stakes and lie complexity on the accuracy and confidence to detect deceit, in R. Roesch, R.R. Corrado, & R. J. Dempster (Eds.), Psychology in the courts: International advances in knowledge. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic.

Vrij, A., & Semin, G. R. (1996). Lie experts’ beliefs about nonverbal indicators of deception. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 20, 65–81. doi: 10.1007/BF02248715

Wicker, B., Michel, F., Henaff, M.-A., & Decety, J. (1998). Brain regions involved in the perception of gaze: A PET study. Neuroimage, 8, 221–227.

Wirth, James H ; Sacco, Donald F ; Hugenberg, Kurt ; Williams, Kipling D. Eye gaze as relational evaluation: averted eye gaze leads to feelings of ostracism and relational devaluation. Personality & social psychology bulletin. 2010 36(7): 869-82.

Closed facial gestures, Disinterest body language, Dislike (nonverbal), Doubt or disbelief body language, Escape movements, Eye Language, Indicators of disinterest (IOD), Micromessaging, Negative body language, Rejection body language, Stubborn body language

Body Language of Eye Rolling or Eye Shrug

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Eye Rolling or Eye Shrug

Cue: Eye Rolling or Eye Shrug

Synonym(s): Eye Shrug, Shrugging The Eyes, Rolling The Eyes.

Description: This cue is done by rolling the eyes around in a semi-circle from bottom to top, or looking straight up.

In One Sentence: Rolling the eyes says disbelief, contempt, sarcasm and lack of respect.

How To Use it: Use eye rolling when you want to show others that you think that they are fools. When someone says something ridiculous, you can tell them your think their idea is weak or unconstructive or not very funny simply by rolling your eyes. When done between friends, eye rolling can be a shared joke, but when done when someone is trying to make a serious point, can be used to show contempt.

Often, eye rolling is directional, meaning that you can use it to offend someone in particular. When done out of their sight, others can pick up on the insult and you can build a case against them without using words. As such, use eye rolling to ridicule and make fun of others.

As a micro-expression, the gesture can be used to signal to others that you simply do not agree with what is being said and therefore, nonverbally express your disapproval.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I can’t believe you just said that, you are a fool.”

Variant: See other Eye Language (category) for ways the eyes convey meaning.

Cue In Action: Dave suggested that instead of taking a romantic vacation in the sun, they hire a lodge and take a 5-day fishing expedition. Mary rolled her eyes.

Meaning and/or Motivation: It says disbelief, contempt, sarcasm, and a lack of respect. Sometimes eye rolls appear as micromessages and are barely visible. They exist, however, and are cues to underlying contempt, especially in a business or dating context.

Cue Cluster: Can be coupled with an audible sigh, followed by a look of contempt or eye avoidance. Eyes might also wander to the eyes of others seeking approval and verifying their views on what was suggested.

Body Language Category: Closed facial gestures, Dislike (nonverbal), Disinterest, Doubt or disbelief body language, Escape movements, Eye Language, Indicators of disinterest (IOD), Micromessaging, Negative body language, Rejection body language, Stubborn or stubbornness.

Resources:

Bjorkqvist, K., Osterrnan, K. and Lagerspetz, K.M.I. (1994) ‘Sex Differences in Covert
Aggression among Adults’, Aggressive Behaviour 20: 27–33.

Goodwin, Marjorie Harness ; Alim, H. Samy. “Whatever (Neck Roll, Eye Roll, Teeth Suck)”: The Situated Coproduction of Social Categories and Identities through Stancetaking and Transmodal Stylization. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 2010. 20(1): 179-194.

Hines, N.J. and Fry, D.P. (1994) ‘Indirect Modes of Aggression among Women of Buenos Aires, Argentina’, Sex Roles 30: 213–24.

LaFrance, M. (2002) ‘Smile Boycotts and other Body Politics’, Feminism & Psychology
12: 319–23.

Latvala, Charlotte. Stopping the back talk: if your child is dishing out the eye rolling and “what-evers,” here’s how to respond–for both your sakes.(good family: FROM KIDS TO MONEY, WHAT TO KNOW NOW). Good Housekeeping. 2009. 248(4): 99(3).

Lagerspetz, K.M.J., Bjorkqvist, K. and Peltonen, T. (1988) ‘Is Indirect Aggression Typical of Females? Gender Differences in Aggressiveness in 11- to 12-year-old Children’, Aggressive Behavior 14: 403–14.

Merten, D. E. (1997) ‘The Meaning of Meanness: Popularity, Competition, and Conflict
among Junior High School Girls’, Sociology of Education 40: 175–91.

Underwood, M. K.. Glares of Contempt, Eye Rolls of Disgust and Turning Away to Exclude: Non-Verbal Forms of Social Aggression among Girls. Feminism & Psychology. 2004 14(3): 371-375.

Navarro, Joe. 2008. What Every BODY is Saying: An Ex-FBI Agent’s Guide to Speed-Reading People. William Morrow Paperbacks.

Underwood, M. K.. Glares of Contempt, Eye Rolls of Disgust and Turning Away to Exclude: Non-Verbal Forms of Social Aggression among Girls. Feminism & Psychology. 2004 14(3): 371-375.

Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Elective nonverbal traits, Eye Language

Eye Glasses Body Language

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Eye Glasses Body Language

Cue: Eye Glasses Language

Synonym(s): Glasses Body Language.

Description: When eye glasses are worn people perceive them based on pre-conceived notions.

In One Sentence: Wearing eye glasses signals intelligence generally, however, depending on eye glass style can signal other traits including high fashion, nerdiness, sex appeal and so forth.

How To Use it: Use eye glasses when it’s important to be taken seriously. Teachers, students trying to impress teachers, and any other person trying to appear smart, can benefit by the stereotype that eyeglass wearing entails.

Eye glasses make welcome additions on job interviews for desk jobs, but might be seen as a hindrance where free thinking is less valuable. In the wrong circles, for example, nerdiness can result in shame and embarrassment.

One might therefore choose eye glasses on occasions when they are most appropriate based on the context.

Research has shown that thicker eye frames tend to boost intelligence perceptions the most. Thinner and fashionable glasses can, however, boost attractiveness.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m wearing glasses because I need them (or don’t) and you think they make me look intelligent.”

Variant: See Peering Over Glasses and Sunglasses Body Language.

Cue In Action: a) To appear more studious, he put on his glasses as he presented to the audience. b) To appear more intelligent and studious and less of a seductress, Jodi Arias wore glasses during her murder trial.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Eyeglasses carry many stereotypic nonverbal messages, most of which are positive. Researchers have found that subject’s rate wearers of glasses are more intelligent, knowledgeable and studious. In fact, glasses are attributed with an increase in IQ.

Interestingly, however, is that eyeglasses can also decrease ratings of social quotients. This is especially the case when people’s other nonverbal communication doesn’t back up their perceived intelligence. Thus, glasses alone, with nothing to back them up, results in a negative image and impression – “nerdiness.”

The heavier the frame, the more people reported intelligent descriptors to the wearer. Thin frames make people appear less authoritative but more accessible. Frames that are decorative are associated with artistic or creative types.

In contrast, when women wear glasses with provocative attire they conjure images of naughty librarians. Thus, glasses can carry multiple meanings. However when such external cues are absent, women also benefit from the intelligence stereotype as well as being perceived as self-assured and outgoing.

Cue Cluster: Eye glass language can be accompanied by many cues and they will help define its meaning.

Body Language Category: Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Elective nonverbal traits, Eye Language.

Resources:

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Jolliffe, T. (1997). Is there a ‘‘language of the eyes’’? Evidence from normal adults, and adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Visual Cognition, 4, 311–331.

Botz-bornstein, Thorsten.. Veils and sunglasses. Journal of Aesthetics & Culture. 2013. Vol.5(0).

Borkenau, P. (1991). Evidence of a correlation between wearing glasses and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 1125-1128. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90074-L

Cheng-Hung Lo; Chao-Yang Yang; Po-Tsang Lin; Kuo-Jung Hsieh: Ying-Chieh Liu and Wen-Ko Chiou. Are Human Faces More Attractive With Glasses?, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers. 2012. 29(2): 125-135, DOI:10.1080/10170669.2012.662917
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/body-language-glasses-faces-attractive-glasses-glasses-say

Edwards, K. (1987). Effects of sex and glasses on attitudes toward intelligence and attractiveness. Psychological Reports, 60, 590.

Harris, M. B., Harris, R. J., & Bochner, S. (1982). Fat, four-eyed, and female: Stereotypes of obesity, glasses, and gender. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 503-516. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1982. tb00882.x

Harris, M.B. (1991). Sex differences in stereotypes of spectacles. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1659–1680. doi 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00497.x

Hasart, J. K.,&Hutchinson, K. L. (1993). The effects of eyeglasses on perceptions of interpersonal-attraction. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 8, 521–528.

Hellström, A., & Tekle, J. (1994). Person perception through facial photographs: Effects of glasses, hair, and beard on judgments of occupation and personal qualities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 693–705. doi 10.1002/ejsp.2420240606

Haith, M. M., Bergman, T., & Moore, M. J. (1979). Eye contact and face scanning in early infancy. Science, 198, 853–855.

Hockley, William ; Hemsworth, David ; Consoli, Angela. Shades of the mirror effect: Recognition of faces with and without sunglasses. Memory & Cognition. 1999. 27(1): 128-138.

Keiierman, Joan M. and James D. Laird. The Effect of Appearance on Self Perception. Journal of Personality. 1982; 50: 3.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/eye-glasses-body-language-brief-summary/

Lundberg, J. K., & Sheehan, E. P. (1994). The effects of glasses and weight on perceptions of attractiveness and intelligence. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 753–760.

Leder, Helmut ; Forster, Michael ; Gerger, Gernot. The Glasses Stereotype Revisited: Effects of Eyeglasses on Perception, Recognition, and Impression of Faces. Swiss Journal of Psychology. 2011. 70(4): 211-222.

McKelvie, S. J. (1995). Emotional expression in upside-down faces: Evidence for configurational and componential processing. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 325–334.

Marzoli, Daniele ; Custodero, Mariagrazia ; Pagliara, Alessandra ; Tommasi, Luca. Sun-induced frowning fosters aggressive feelings. Cognition & Emotion. 2013. 27(8): 1513-1521.

Rhodes, G., Brake, S., & Atkinson, A. P. (1993). What’s lost in inverted faces? Cognition, 47, 25–57.

Roberson, Debi ; Kikutani, Mariko ; Doge, Paula ; Whitaker, Lydia ; Majid, Asifa. Shades of Emotion: What the Addition of Sunglasses or Masks to Faces Reveals about the Development of Facial Expression Processing. Cognition. 2012. 125(2): 195-206.

Senju, A., & Johnson, M. H. (2009). The eye contact effect: Mechanisms and development. Trends in Cognitive Science, 13, 127–134.

Schwarzer, G. (2000). Development of face processing: The effect of face inversion. Child Development, 71, 391–401.

Terry, R. L. (1993). How wearing eyeglasses affects facial recognition. Current Psychology, 12, 151–162. doi 10.1007/ BF02686820

Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 969–993.

Tanaka, J. W., Kay, J. B., Grinnell, E., Stansfield, B., & Szechter, L. (1998). Face recognition in young children: When the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Visual Cognition, 5, 479–496.

Terry,R. L.,&Hall, C. A. (1989). Affective responses to eyeglasses: Evidence of a sex difference. Journal of American Optometrist Association, 60, 609–611.

Terry, R. L., & Kroger, D.L. (1976). Effects of eye correctives on ratings of attractiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42, 562. doi 10.2466/PMS.42.2.562

*No Photo, Confused body language, Courtship display, Doubt or disbelief body language, Eye Language, Fearful body language, Frustration or frustrated body language, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI), Pensive displays, Stressful body language, Worry body language

Body Language of Eye Flutter or Batting Eyes

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Eye Flutter or Batting Eyes

Cue: Eye Flutter or Batting Eyes

Synonym(s): Eyelash Flickering, Eyelash Batting, Batting Eyelashes.

Description: When the eyelids are opened and closed in rapid succession.

In One Sentence: Eyes that flutter signal sexual arousal, or heightened emotion.

How To Use it: In a dating context, women should bat their eyes in order to draw emphasis to them. Likewise the use of eye liner and mascara can add extra sex appeal by showcasing the “windows to the soul.” Fluttering eyes is linked to emotional arousal, thus, the signal should be paired with other signal such as brief eye contact followed by looking down and smiling. The context will define the eye flutter. For example, girls may flutter their eyes to convince Dad to buy them a treat, whereas Mom might flutter her eyes to her husband to signal sexual intent.

In some context, eye fluttering shows an internal struggle or disbelief, therefore, they should be used carefully.

Context: a) Dating, b) General.

Verbal Translation: a) “I’m aroused sexually and I’m drawing attention to one of my best assets, my sexy eyes and lashes to evoke protective feelings.” b) “I’m having an internal struggle and stress with what you have said and it’s causing me to stutter with my eyes and eyelashes.”

Variant: Eye Blink Rate (Rapid).

Cue In Action: a) When a hot guy passed by, she batted her eyes and look up coyly at him from her desk. b) When asked to the prom, she batted her eyes quickly and persistently with a blank look on her face – she didn’t want to tell him she already had a date.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Used to invoke feelings of protectiveness in others by appearing more childlike. It serves to draw interest to the eyes via long luscious lashes.
Batting the eyes is a cue of sexual interest when done by women in a dating context.

Other times eyelash fluttering is due to an internal struggle as in a high blink rate.

Cue Cluster: The cues will depend on the intension and context. When stress related, we see a blank, caught in the headlights, type expression. While in dating context we see smiling eyes and a doe-like expression.

Body Language Category: Courtship displays, Confused, Doubt or disbelief body language, Eye Language, Fearful body language, Frustration or frustrated body language, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Pensive displays, Stressful body language, Worry body language.

Resources:

Abbey, A., and Melby, C. (1986). The effects of nonverbal cues on gender differences in perceptions of sexual intent. Sex Roles, 15, 283-298.

Argyle, Michael; Lefebvre, Luc; Cook, Mark 1974. The meaning of five patterns of gaze. European Journal of Social Psychology. 4(2): 125-136.

Anderson, Uriah S. ; Perea, Elaine F. ; Vaughn Becker, D. ; Ackerman, Joshua M. ; Shapiro, Jenessa R. ; Neuberg, Steven L. ; Kenrick, Douglas T. I only have eyes for you: Ovulation redirects attention (but not memory) to attractive men. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2010. 46(5): 804-808.

Bolmont, Mylene; John T. Cacioppo and Stephanie Cacioppo. Love Is in the Gaze: An Eye-Tracking Study of Love and Sexual Desire. Psychological Science July 16, 2014. Published online before print. July 16, 2014, doi: 10.1177/0956797614539706
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/lust-like-eyes-read-body-language-eyes/

Clark, A. Attracting Interest: Dynamic Displays of Proceptivity Increase the Attractiveness of Men and Women. Evolutionary Psychology. 2008., 6(4), 563-574.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/risky-versus-proceptive-nonverbal-sexual-cues/

Costa, M., Menzani, M., & Ricci Bitti, P. E. Head canting in paintings: An historical study. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2001. 25: 63–73.

Costa, M., & Ricci Bitti, P. E. Face-ism effect and head canting in one’s own and others’ photographs. European Psychologist. 2000. 5: 293–301.

Cari D. Goetz; Judith A. Easton; David M.G. Lewis; David M. Buss. Sexual Exploitability: Observable Cues And Their Link To Sexual Attraction. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2012; 33: 417-426.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/victim-blaming-or-useful-information-in-preventing-rape-and-sexual-exploitation/

Emery, N.J. The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2000. 24(6): 581-604.

Greer, Arlettee. ; Buss, Davidm. Tactics for promoting sexual encounters
Journal of Sex Research. 1994. 31(3): 185-201.

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Amplifier, Excited body language, Eye Language, Happiness body language, Open body language

Body Language of Eye Flash, Eye Pop and Flashbulb Eyes

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Eye Flash, Eye Pop and Flashbulb Eyes

Cue: Eye Flash, Eye Pop and Flashbulb Eyes

Synonym(s): Flashbulb Eyes, Eye Pop.

Description: The eye flash lasts on average for only 0.75 seconds and is a momentary widening of the eyelids during a conversation. The widening is usually wide enough to reveal the sclera. Sclera is the white area surrounding the iris. The eyebrows usually arch in unison as well to make the eyes appear even larger.

In One Sentence: The eye flash is a signal used to display emotional excitement during expressive conversation.

How To Use it: Pop the eyes whenever you want to add a nonverbal exclamation to spoken words. For example, force your eyes to pop when delivering positive or exciting news to friends or relatives. Women can generally use this expression best as it usually fits in better with women’s overall expressivity. However, men can also add the occasional eye pop to signal sarcasm. When you pop your eyes, think “Oh my God!”

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m so excited that my eyes are popping open with emotion and excitement.”

Variant: N/A

Cue In Action: a) It had been a while since they had seen each other. When they turned the corner, their eyes popped open with excitement as they took each other into full view. b) He opened his first holiday bonus to see a big fat cheque. His eyes popped open with excitement. c) On the first date, she showed her excitement. She told stories while popping her eyes open.

Meaning and/or Motivation: The eyeflash when given by a speaker, emphasizes specific words being spoken and can serve to change the meaning of a given word or phrase. It normally accompanies adjectives rather than any other parts of speech. Women use it more often them men. The eye pop makes the eyes burst with emotion and is usually done to indicate surprise and positive emotions.

Cue Cluster: Open body language such as palms up, smiling, arms animated and excited while moving with speech.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Eye Language, Excited body language, Happiness, Open body language.

Resources:

Ariel, Robert and Castel, Alan. Eyes wide open: enhanced pupil dilation when selectively studying important information. Experimental Brain Research, 2014. 232(1):.337-344.

Bijleveld E, Custers R, Aarts H (2009) The unconscious eye opener: pupil size reveals strategic recruitment of resources upon presentation of subliminal reward cues. Psychol Sci 20:1313–1315

Brannigan, Christopher, and David Humphries (1969). “I See What You Mean.” New Scientist (Vol. 42), pp. 406-08.

Duan, Xujun ; Dai, Qian ; Gong, Qiyong ; Chen, Huafu. Neural mechanism of unconscious perception of surprised facial expression. NeuroImage. 2010. 52(1): 401-407.

e Charlesworth, W. R. (1964). Instigation and maintenance of curiosity behavior as a function of surprise versus novel and familiar stimuli. Child Development, 35, 1169–1186.

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Ekman, Paul, Wallace V. Friesen, and Sylvan S. Tomkins (1971). “Facial Affect Scoring Technique: A First Validity Study.” In Semiotica (Vol. 3), pp. 37-58.

Kapoor, A. ; Qi, Y. ; Picard, R.W. Fully automatic upper facial action recognition
2003 IEEE International SOI Conference. 2003. 195-202.

Lee, Daniel H ; Susskind, Joshua M ; Anderson, Adam K. Social Transmission of the Sensory Benefits of Eye Widening in Fear Expressions. Psychological Science. 2013. 24(6): 957-965.

Ludden, G. D. S., Schifferstein, H. N. J., & Hekkert, P. (2009). Visual–tactual incongruities in products as sources of surprise. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 27, 63–89.

Mondloch, Catherine J. ; Horner, Matthew ; Mian, Jasmine. Wide Eyes and Drooping Arms: Adult-Like Congruency Effects Emerge Early in the Development of Sensitivity to Emotional Faces and Body Postures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2013. 114(2): 203-216.

Provine, Robert R., Jessica Nave-Blodgett and Marcello O. Cabrera. The Emotional Eye: Red Sclera as a Uniquely Human Cue of Emotion. Ethology. 2013a. 119: 993–998. doi: 10.1111/eth.12144

Provine, Robert R.; Marcello O. Cabrera and Jessica Nave-Blodgett. Red, Yellow, and Super-White Sclera Uniquely Human Cues for Healthiness, Attractiveness, and Age. Human Nature. 2013. 24:126–136. DOI 10.1007/s12110-013-9168-x

Provine, R. R., Cabrera, M. O. and Nave-Blodgett, J. 2013c: Binocular symmetry / asymmetry of scleral redness as a cue for sadness, healthiness, and attractiveness in
humans. Evol. Psychol. 11, 873-884.

Provine, R. R., Cabrera, M. O., Brocato, N. W. and Krosnowski, K. A. 2011: When the whites of the eyes are red: a uniquely human cue. Ethology 117, 1—5.

Reisenzein, R. (2000). Exploring the strength of association between the components of emotion syndromes: the case of surprise. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 1–38.

Reisenzein, R., Bördgen, S., Holtbernd, T., & Matz, D. (2006). Evidence for strong dissociation between emotion and facial displays: the case of surprise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 295–315.

Reisenzein, R., & Studtmann, M. (2007). On the expression and experience of surprise: no evidence for facial feedback, but evidence for a reverse self-inference effect. Emotion, 7, 612–627.

Scherer, K. R., Zentner, M. R., & Stern, D. (2004). Beyond surprise: the puzzle of infants’ expressive reactions to expectancy violation. Emotion, 4, 389–402.

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Vanhamme, J. (2000). The link between surprise and satisfaction: an exploratory research on how to best measure surprise. Journal of Marketing Management, 16, 565–582.

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Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1983. 8(1): 3-13.

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Wheldall, Kevin ; Mittler, Peter. Eyebrow-raising, eye widening and visual search nursery school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1976. 17(1): 57-62.

Autonomic signal, Eye Language

Body Language of Eye Direction, NLP and Eye Access Cues

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Eye Direction, NLP and Eye Access Cues

Cue: Eye Direction, NLP, and Eye Access Cues.

Synonym(s): NLP, Eye Access Cues.

Description: Eye movements are a key component Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP). NLP in this contest defines the process by which eye direction, that is, where the eyes look, can predict underlying thought process.

In One Sentence: The direction in which the eyes are cast is thought to provide clues to a person’s underlying thought process.

How To Use it: This cue is not something one can actively use to influence others as most people are not attuned to it’s meaning. Therefore, it is something we read in others rather than use ourselves. Although, if someone else is actively trying to read your body language (such as a police interrogator), and you know it, you might feign eye direction in order to confuse them.

Otherwise, eye direction is a cue best read in other people. See Meaning and/or Motivation.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “The direction I look outlines my thought process, so if you watch carefully you can figure out what kind of thoughts I’m accessing.”

Variant: N/A

Cue In Action: She was trying to figure out if her husband was telling the truth so she watched carefully when she asked him what the casino looked like. His eyes moved up and to the right. This told her that he was trying to construct a visual image. She was onto him.

Meaning and/or Motivation: For most right-handed people, eye movement up and to the left is a signal of accessing a visual memory.

Movement up and right means that a person is trying to construct a visual image.

Eyes either right or left, but still level, indicate an auditory process such as remembering sounds and words.

Down and left indicate internal dialogue or self-talk.

Down and right indicate a tactile or visceral feeling. When the eyes are straight ahead, unfocused or dilated they signal visual or any sensory information.

When reading someone’s eye access cues, be sure to formulate a baseline under normal conditions beforehand. Not all people respond to this rule in the same manner.

Cue Cluster: N/A

Body Language Category: Autonomic signal, Eye Language.

Resources:

Beck CE, Beck EA (1984) Test of the Eye-Movement Hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: A rebuttal of conclusions. Percept Mot Skills. 58: 175–176.

Dilts, R.B., Grinder, J., Bandler, R., & DeLozier, J. 1979. Neuro-linguistic programming L Cupertino, CA: Meta Publications.

Ekman P (2001) Telling lies. Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Elich M, Thompson RW, Miller L (1985) Mental imagery as revealed by eye movements and spoken predicates: A test of neurolinguistic programming. J Couns Psychol 32: 622–625

Gray R (1991) Tools for the trade: Neuro-linguistic programming and the art of
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Heap M (2008) The validity of some early claims of neuro-linguistic programming. Skeptical Intelligencer 11: 6–13.

Levine TR, Asada KJK, Park HS (2006) The lying chicken and the gaze avoidant egg: eye contact, deception and causal order.

Porter S, ten Brinke L (2010) The truth about lies: What works in detecting highstakes
deception? Legal and Criminological Psychology 15: 57–75.

Mann, Samantha ; Vrij, Aldert ; Nasholm, Erika ; Warmelink, Lara ; Leal, Sharon ; Forrester, Dave. The Direction of Deception: Neuro-Linguistic Programming as a Lie Detection Tool. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. 2012 27(2): 160-166.

Levine TR, Asada KJK, Park HS (2006) The lying chicken and the gaze avoidant egg: eye contact, deception and causal order.

Porter S, ten Brinke L (2010) The truth about lies: What works in detecting highstakes
deception? Legal and Criminological Psychology 15: 57–75.

Percival, Jennifer. Eye-opener: neuro-linguistic programming aims to offer techniques to enhance our everyday lives. Jennifer Percival attended a course to find out more.(perspectives). Nursing Standard. 2003 18(1): 20(2).

Patrington. 1997. NLP for Business Success: How to Master Neuro-Linguistic Programming. Management Research News. 20(8): 43.

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Sandoval. 2001. Subtle skills for building rapport: using neuro-linguistic programming in the interview room. FBI law enforcement bulletin. 70(8): 1-635.

Skinner. 2003. Speaking the same language: the relevance of neuro-linguistic programming to effective marketing communications Source: Journal of Marketing Communications. 9(3): 177-192.

Sharpley CF (1984) Predicate matching in NLP: A review of research on the preferred representational system. J Couns Psychol 31: 238–248.

Sharpley CF (1987) Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory? J Couns Psychol 34: 103–107.

Tosey, Paul; Mathison, Jane; Michelli, Dena. 2005. Mapping Transformative Learning: The Potential of Neuro-Linguistic. Journal Of Transformative Education. 3(2): 140-167.
Roderique – Davies, Gareth. Neuro-linguistic programming has no basis in neuroscience.(LETTERS)(Letter to the editor). Nursing Standard. 2010 24(33): 33(1).

Thomason TC, Arbuckle T, Cady D (1980) Test of the Eye Movement Hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming. Percept Mot Skills 51: 230.

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Vrij A, Lochun SK (1997) Neuro-linguistic programming and the police: worthwhile or not? J Police Crim Psychol 12:25–31

Vrij A, Lochun SK (1997) Neuro-linguistic programming and the police: Worthwhile or not? Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 12: 25–31.

Wiseman, Richard ; Watt, Caroline ; ten Brinke, Leanne ; Porter, Stephen ; Couper, Sara-Louise ; Rankin, Calum Lappe, Markus (Editor). The Eyes Don’t Have It: Lie Detection and Neuro-Linguistic Programming (The Eyes Don’t Have It). PLoS ONE, 2012, Vol.7(7), p.e40259.

Wood, John Andy 2006. NLP revisited: nonverbal communications and signals of trustworthiness. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management. 26(2): 197.

Appease, Dislike (nonverbal), Eye Language, Indicators of disinterest (IOD), Nonthreatening body language

Body Language of Eye Catch And Look Away

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Eye Catch And Look Away

Cue: Eye Catch And Look Away

Synonym(s): N/A

Description: An immediate aversion of the eyes upon eye contact – either down or to the side.

In One Sentence: Eye catch and look away is a signal that one does not want to be noticed looking.

How To Use it: This is generally a cue you will not want to apply as it is perceived as being socially awkward. The exception worth noting, however, and one which women may find effective, is in a dating context. Women can catch the eyes of men and then quickly avert them. However, this is best done by looking down rather than away as this perceived as scanning. Usually eye contact is required to be coupled with a slight smile. When women break eye contact with men in this quick fashion, it tells them that they are submissive to their dominance. This is the most natural dating arrangement and is alluring for both parties.

Context: a) Dating b) General.

Verbal Translation: a) “I find you attractive but don’t want to be caught staring or showing too much interest. Besides, I find your attractiveness and dominance intimidating.”

b) “I made eye contact with you by accident and I am uncomfortable holding it for any length of time because I see you as more dominant than me.”

b) “I’m averting my eyes after eye contact because I don’t like you. I don’t want to talk to you or acknowledge you exist.”

b) “I caught your eye by accident as I was casually scanning the room.”

Variant: See Eye Aversion, Gaze Avoidance and Wandering Eyes, Downcast Eyes or Eyes Down.

Cue In Action: a) When scanning the room for someone to approach, he caught the eye of an attractive woman. She continued to scan the room rather than looking down and no smile was present – she was disinterested. b) He was angry and nearing a boiling point. Then he made eye contact with a young man to his dismay. The young man quickly averted his eyes pretending not to notice the raging veins about to burst through his forehead.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Eye catch and look away is defined by its context.

When done to strangers it indicates submission. Usually the weaker party will look away first while the more dominant might see eye contact as a personal challenge and hold his gaze longer.

Eyes that catch other eyes when scanning a room will continue to scan despite eye contact. This shows others that eye contact happened by accident and lacked intent or meaning.

In a dating context, eyes that look down after eye contact show submission while eyes that look left or right, as in a general context, simply mean that a person was scanning the room. Looking down is usually done by woman followed by a smile and other indicators of interest such as neck or wrist exposure, preening the hair or blushing due to nervousness.

Cue Cluster: Watch for submissive cues in people that habitually break eye contact first such as head lowered, shoulders shrugged, arms pulled in legs crossed tightly, touching the face and neck, and so forth. In dating, eyes that look away, right or left, rather than down signal lack of interest. A coy smile indicates the opposite especially when done by a woman.

Body Language Category: Appease, Dislike (nonverbal), Eye Language, Indicators of disinterest (IOD), Nonthreatening body language.

Resources:

Aguinis, Herman ; Simonsen, Melissam. ; Pierce, Charlesa. Effects of Nonverbal Behavior on Perceptions of Power Bases. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1998. 138(4): 455-469.

Aguinis, Herman ; Henle, Christinea. Effects of Nonverbal Behavior on Perceptions of a Female Employee’s Power Bases. The Journal of Social Psychology. 2001 141(4): 537-549.

Argyle, M., & Dean, I. Eye contact, distance and affiliation. Sociometry, 1965, 28, 289-304.

Beausoleil, Ngaio J. ; Stafford, Kevin J. ; Mellor, David J. Burghardt, Gordon M. (editor). Does Direct Human Eye Contact Function as a Warning Cue for Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries)? Journal of Comparative Psychology. 2006. 120(3): 269-279.

Brooks, C. I., Church, M. A., & Fraser, L. 1986. Effects of duration of eye contact on judgments of personality characteristics. Journal of Social Psychology. 126: 71–78.

Bowers, Andrew L. ; Crawcour, Stephen C. ; Saltuklaroglu, Tim ; Kalinowski, Joseph
Gaze aversion to stuttered speech: a pilot study investigating differential visual attention to stuttered and fluent speech. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 2010. 45(2): 133-144.

Cook, M. Experiments on orientation and proxemics. Human Relations, 1970, 23, 61-67.

Chen, Yi-Chia ; Yeh, Su-Ling. Look into my eyes and I will see you: Unconscious processing of human gaze. Consciousness and Cognition. 2012 21(4): 1703-1710.