Author: Chris

Body cross, Disguised gestures, Displacement behaviour, Low confidence body language, Nervous Body Language

Body Language of Masked Arm Cross

by Chris • November 5, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Masked Arm Cross

Cue: Masked Arm Cross.

Synonym(s): Playing With The Cufflink, Playing With The Watch, Cufflink Adjust Language, Watch Play, Bracelet Play, Playing With A Button, Checking A Purse, Security Blankets.

Description: “The hand crosses the midline of the body and plays with the watch, bracelet or cufflink.”

In One Sentence: The masked arm cross signals insecurity and nervousness.

How To Use it: The masked arm cross is a way that we can create a barrier between us and other people. This is useful when we feel uneasy and need security. In front of large audiences playing with a wrist watch may help us feel more comfortable by giving us something to play with while at the same time, give us a barrier to hid behind. To appear confident, however, this body language should be avoided. In most cases, though, it generally goes unnoticed by most people.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m feeling awkward, insecure, unsure, or nervous, so I’m playing with my watch or bracelet. This is a way I can cross and block off the mid-point of my body without being obvious or rude. I’m masking my negativity and insecurity.”

Variant: A person may use a cup of coffee held across the chest or a handbag placed on the lap to create a barrier by which comfort may be created. The coffee cup held chest high or across the other side of the body while seated serves as a partial arm cross. The handbag placed on the lap serves a protective purposed as it acts like a childhood blanket. See Coffee Cup Barrier or Handbag Barrier.

Cue In Action: a) Charles made his way through the adoring crowd while playing with his cufflink. The cufflink gave him something to do but also cut off access to his midbody similar to arm crossing. b) Bob habitually clasped his watch band and rotated it around his wrist.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Masked arm crossing implies that a person feels insecure or awkward, self conscious, nervous, timid, and desires security from a less exposed torso but feels that a full arm cross would be unacceptable due to it’s overt nature. The masked arm cross forms a loose loop rather than a tight loop as in the full arm cross.

Masked arm crossing is defined as ‘leaked.’ This is because the person is trying to prevent it from happening. However, their conscious mind is only successful at blocking a more obvious gesture, by replacing it with one that is slightly less pronounced.
The gestures are also considered “masked arm crosses” because they create a barrier-effect protecting the body.

Playing with the cuff link is a common choice for men attending formal affairs because it gives their hands a task to perform rather than simply dangling them awkwardly. Next time you see a televised awards show watch carefully as a presenter or an award winner makes his way up to the stage, he just might show his awkwardness by fingering his cufflink or watch.

Other forms of gestures that fall in the same family include holding or clutching a bag, checking the contents of a bag or briefcase, playing with a bracelet, watch or shirt button and holding a drink with one or both hands across the mid-point of the body. Any sort of motion that allows one hand or arm to cross the centre of the body, or where a crutch object is sought that otherwise serves little or no appropriate purpose, qualifies as a security blanket. To those aware of the cue, it is a very easy ‘tell’ to catch, because there really is no purpose for the behaviour aside from tension relief.

Cue Cluster: Watch for other signals of insecurity such as blushing, head lowered, a loss for words, shoulders shrugged, and so forth.

Body Language Category: Body cross, Disguised gestures, Displacement behaviour, Low confidence body language, Nervous body language.

Resources:

Balzarotti, Stefania ; Piccini, Luca ; Andreoni, Giuseppe ; Ciceri, Rita “I Know That You Know How I Feel”: Behavioral and Physiological Signals Demonstrate Emotional Attunement While Interacting with a Computer Simulating Emotional Intelligence. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2014. 38(3): 283-299.

Bernstein, Constance. Winning trials nonverbally: six ways to establish control in the courtroom. Trial. 1994. 30(1).61(5)

Brownell, Judi. Communicating with credibility: The gender gap. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly. 1993. 34(2): 52-61.

Cacioppo, J. T., Priester, J. R., & Berntson, G. G. (1993). Rudimentary determinants of attitudes: II. Arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 5–17.

DeSteno, D.; Breazeal, C.; Frank, R. H.; Pizarro, D.; Baumann, J.; Dickens, L, and Lee, J. Detecting the Trustworthiness of Novel Partners in Economic Exchange. Psychological Science. 2012. 23, 1549-1556.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/use-body-language-cues-create-trust

Friedman, Ron and Andrew J. Elliot. The Effect Of Arm Crossing On Persistence And Performance. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2008; 38, 449–461 (2008). http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/arm-crossing-effect-on-persistence-and-performance/

Fo¨rster, J. (2004). How body feedback influences consumer’s evaluation of products. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 415–425.

Friedman, R. S., & Fo¨rster, J. (2000). The effects of approach and avoidance motor actions on the elements of creative insight. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 477–492.

Gregersen, Tammy S. Nonverbal Cues: Clues to the Detection of Foreign Language Anxiety. Foreign Language Annals. 2005. 38(3): 388-400
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Gorkan Ahmetoglu, Viren Swami. Do Women Prefer “Nice Guys?” The Effect Of Male Dominance Behavior On Women’s Ratings. Social Behavior And Personality, 2012; 40(4), 667-672.
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Hall, Jeffrey A. and Chong Xing. The Verbal and Nonverbal Correlates of the Five Flirting Styles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2015. 39:41–68. DOI 10.1007/s10919-014-0199-8
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Hung, Iris W. and Aparna A. Labroo. From Firm Muscles to Firm Willpower: Understanding the Role of Embodied Cognition in Self-Regulation. Journal of Consumer Research. 2011 37(6): 1046-1064.
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Johnson, Richard R. and Jasmine L. Aaron. Adults’ Beliefs Regarding Nonverbal Cues Predictive of Violence. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 2013. 40 (8): 881-894. DOI: 10.1177/0093854813475347.
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Koppensteiner, Markus ; Grammer, Karl. Body movements of male and female speakers and their influence on perceptions of personality. Personality and Individual Differences. 2011. 51(6): 743-747.

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Lee Ann Renninger, T. Joel Wade, Karl Grammer. Getting that female glance: Patterns and consequences of male nonverbal behavior in courtship contexts. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2004; 25: 416–431.
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Leigh, Thomas W. ; Summers, John O. An initial evaluation of industrial buyers’ impressions of salespersons’ nonverbal cues. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management. 2002. 22(1): 41(13).

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Adaptors, Emotional body language, Leaked or involuntary body language, Nervous Body Language, Stressful body language

Body Language of Yawning

by Chris • October 30, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Yawning

Cue: Yawning.

Synonym(s): N/A.

Description: An exaggerated opening and stretching of the jaw with inhalation or exhalation of air.

In One Sentence: Yawning indicates boredom, exhaustion, or stress.

How To Use it: Use yawning to show others that you are bored or tired and that they should speed up their presentation or make it more exciting. You can also use yawning to excuse yourself as you aim to retire for the evening.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m bored, exhausted or stressed causing me to take an exaggerated inhalation of air, stretch out my jaw and ease some of the discomfort I’m experiencing.” “I’m yawning because I saw someone else do it and I’m mirroring them.”

Variant: N/A.

Cue In Action: a) The interrogator was putting a lot of pressure on the suspect and he began to yawn excessively. b) The session was running on and from the many yawns, it was obvious it was time to wrap things up. c) Think long and hard about yawning and you might just feel compelled to yawn!

Meaning and/or Motivation: Yawning indicates boredom, exhaustion or stress. Yawning is also contagious. Yawning is one of the more pronounced forms of mirroring since it has a contagious element. Yawning in one person can even set off a chain of yawns within the rest of a group, even if the members don’t know each other.

We normally associate yawning with fatigue and this is the usual cause, but in some high anxiety contexts, yawning can signal that pressure is getting to someone. A yawn can help alleviate the dry mouth that is common when people are under pressure because it stimulates salivary glands.

Cue Cluster: Watch for associated cues to determine if a yawn represents stress, mirroring, or fatigue.

Body Language Category: Adaptors, Emotional body language, Leaked or involuntary body language, Nervous body language, Stressful body language.

Resources:

Meltzoff, A. N., and M. K. Moore. 1977. Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science 198:75-78.

Nielsen, Tore; Russell A. Powell and Don Kuiken. Nightmare Frequency is Related to a Propensity for Mirror Behaviors. Consciousness and Cognition. 2013. 22: 1181-1188.

Platek, S. M., F. B. Mohamed and G. G. Gallup. 2005. Contagious yawning and the brain. Cognitive Brain Research 23:448-452.

Provine, R. R. 1986. Yawning as a stereotyped action pattern and releasing stimulus. Ethology 72:109-122.

Provine, R. R. 1989. Faces as releasers of contagious yawning: An approach to face detection using normal human subjects. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 27:211-214.

Provine, R. R. 2000. Laughter: A Scientific Investigation. New York: Viking.

Provine, R. R. 2005. Contagious yawning and laughing: Everyday imitation- and mirror-like behavior (p. 146). Commentary on: Arbib, M. A. 2005. From monkey-like action recognition to human language: An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28:105-167.

Provine, Robert R. 2005. Yawning: The yawn is primal, unstoppable and contagious, revealing the evolutionary and neural basis of empathy and unconscious behavior. Source: American Scientist. 93(6): 532-540.

Provine, Robert R. 2005. Yawning. American Scientist. 2005. 93(6): 532-539

Provine, R. R., and H. B. Hamernik. 1986. Yawning: Effects of stimulus interest. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 24:437-438.

Provine, R. R. 1986. Yawning as a stereotyped action pattern and releasing stimulus. Ethology 72:109-122.

Provine, R. R., B. C. Tate and L. Geldmacher. 1987. Yawning: No effect of 3-5% C[O.sub.2], 100% [O.sub.2], and exercise. Behavioral and Neural Biology 48:382-93.

Provine, R. R., H. B. Hamernik and B. C. Curchack. 1987. Yawning: Relation to sleeping and stretching in humans. Ethology 76:152-160.

Seunrjens, W. 2004. On yawning or the hidden sexuality of the human yawn. Dissertation. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.

*No Photo, Aggressive body language, Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Dominant body language, Friendship touching or friendly touching, High confidence body language, High confidence hand displays, Leadership body language, Remotivating gesture, Social touching

Body Language of The Wrist Hold Handshake and The Upper Arm Grip Handshake

by Chris • October 30, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of The Wrist Hold Handshake and The Upper Arm Grip Handshake

Cue: Wrist Hold Handshake and Upper Arm Grip Handshake

Synonym(s): Upper Arm Grip Handshake, Handshake With Arm Clasp.

Description: a) The wrist of the other person is grasped with the left hand during an otherwise normal handshake. b) A political-type handshake that is normal except that the opposite hand reaches up to grasp the upper left arm just above the elbow or even the shoulder.

In One Sentence: The wrist hold handshake is a political handshake which aims to build strong bonds and alliances.

How To Use it: Use wrist hold handshake only if you are a high powered position on other high powered individuals. Others will be taken by surprise. When done properly, you can create a more intimate impression.

Context: Business.

Verbal Translation: “I’m shaking your hand while holding your wrist to show my desire for a close and more intimate connection with additional control in a business relationship.”

Variant: See Country Handshake (The), Cold Dead Wet Fish Handshake, Double Gripper Politician Handshake or Double Hander (The), Short Grabber/Finger Grabber Handshake, Oddball Handshake, Palm Up, Palm Down and Palm Even Handshakes, Stiff Arm And Thrust Forward Handshake, Death Grip Handshake, Wrench Forward Handshake, Undershaker Handshake, Wrist Hold Handshake, Wrist Hold Handshake and Upper Arm Grip Handshake, Limp Fish Handshake, Teacup Handshake, Arm Twister Handshake (The), Firm handshake, Fist Bumping.

Cue In Action: When the leader of two countries met, one president shook hands while grabbing the other’s wrist, and the other president grasped his shoulder. Each expressed a higher level of intimacy than just a handshake on its own.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Both the wrist hold handshake and the upper arm grip handshake is more common for politicians than ordinary people.

It is designed to build more intimacy and show desire to care, but also control. It is therefore much more powerful than an ordinary handshake. Its aim is to build strong bonds and build strategic alliances between high powered individuals.

In the wrong context, these handshakes will seem insincere and off-putting so they should only be used with extreme caution and in the right context.

Cue Cluster: Expect to see plenty of dominance cues such as arms akimbo, military man stance, chin up, palm displays, controlled gesticulation and facial expressions, dominant eye contact, upright postures and puffed out chests.

Body Language Category: Aggressive body language, Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Dominant body language, Friendship touching or friendly touching, High confidence body language, High confidence hand displays, Leadership body language, Remotivating gesture, Social touching.

Resources:

Aström, J ; Thorell, L H ; Holmlund, U ; D’Elia, G. Handshaking, personality, and psychopathology in psychiatric patients, a reliability and correlational study. Perceptual and motor skills 1993, Vol.77(3 Pt 2): 1171-86.

Bohm. 1997. Effects of interpersonal touch, degree of justification, and sex of participant on compliance with a request. The Journal of social psychology. 137: 460-469.

Chaplin William F.; Phillips Jeffrey B; Brown Jonathan D.; Clanton Nancy R.; Stein Jennifer L.; 2000. Handshaking, gender, personality, and first impressions Journal of personality and social psychology. 79(1): 110-117.

Fisher, J; Rytting, M and Heslin, R. 1976. Hands touching hands: affective and evaluative effects on interpersonal touch, Sociometry 39: 416–421.

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Floyd, Kory. All Touches are not Created Equal: Effects of Form and Duration on Observers’ Interpretations of an Embrace. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1999. 23(4): 283-299.

Fisher, J; Rytting, M and Heslin, R. 1976. Hands touching hands: affective and evaluative effects on interpersonal touch, Sociometry 39: 416–421.

Frumin, Idan; Ofer Perl; Yaara Endevelt-Shapira; Ami Eisen; Neetai Eshel; Iris Heller; Maya Shemesh; Aharon Ravia; Lee Sela; Anat Arzi and Noam Sobel. A Social Chemosignaling Function for Human Handshaking. eLife 2015. 4:e05154
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Appease, Approach tell, Auto contact or self touching, Courtship display, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI), Readiness to submit postures, Tie signals

Body Language of Wrist Exposure Displays

by Chris • October 30, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Wrist Exposure Displays

Cue: Wrist Exposure Displays.

Synonym(s): Showing The Wrist, Displaying The Wrist, Stroking The Wrist, Exposing The Wrists.

Description: Removing clothing, stroking the wrist, turning the palms up, or playing with an earring that causes the wrists to be exposed.

In One Sentence: Showing the wrist is a female posture signaling submission.

How To Use it: The wrist signal is a female or feminine posture that women (and possibly gay men) use to signal submission. The wrists are a vulnerable part of the body and like the neck, when displayed, signal that a person is willing to heed to the dominance of another. Women can flash the wrist by turning the hands palm up, or lightly stroke the wrists with an index finger. This is not particularly noticeable to men, however, if done correctly, it will elicit a subconscious attraction response in him at a low cost to you.

Context: Dating.

Verbal Translation: “I wish to submit to your dominance so I’m exposing my delicate and vulnerable wrists.”

Variant: See Neck Exposure.

Cue In Action: She frequently fiddled with her earring or her wristwatch while on her date. This helped calm herself, as she was excited just being around him.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Exposures of the wrist, palm and neck are visceral responses linked to submissiveness and are displayed or flashed during courtship by women. Flashing of the wrist indicates that trust is present during courtship.

In men, flashing the wrist or loosely bending at the wrist is an effeminate signal. Thus, men and women share a similar submissive origin for this nonverbal signal.

Cue Cluster: Watch for other submissive courtship cues such as head bowed, eyes cast upward, neck titling, shoulder shrugs, giggling, batting eyelashes, self stroking, playing with the hair or self grooming, among many others.

Body Language Category: Appease, Approach tell, Auto contact or self touching, Courtship display, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Readiness to submit postures, Tie signals.

Resources:

Abbey, A., and Melby, C. (1986). The effects of nonverbal cues on gender differences in perceptions of sexual intent. Sex Roles, 15, 283-298.

Abrahams, Matthewf. Perceiving flirtatious communication: An exploration of the perceptual dimensions underlying judgments of flirtatiousness. Journal of Sex Research. 1994. 31(4): 283-292.

Costa, M., Menzani, M., & Ricci Bitti, P. E. Head canting in paintings: An historical study. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2001. 25: 63–73.

Costa, M., & Ricci Bitti, P. E. Face-ism effect and head canting in one’s own and others’ photographs. European Psychologist. 2000. 5: 293–301.

Cari D. Goetz; Judith A. Easton; David M.G. Lewis; David M. Buss. Sexual Exploitability: Observable Cues And Their Link To Sexual Attraction. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2012; 33: 417-426.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/victim-blaming-or-useful-information-in-preventing-rape-and-sexual-exploitation/

Cantú, Stephanie M ; Simpson, Jeffry A ; Griskevicius, Vladas ; Weisberg, Yanna J ; Durante, Kristina M ; Beal, Daniel J. Fertile and Selectively Flirty. Psychological Science. 2014. 25(2): 431-438.

Clark, A. Attracting Interest: Dynamic Displays of Proceptivity Increase the Attractiveness of Men and Women. Evolutionary Psychology. 2008., 6(4), 563-574.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/risky-versus-proceptive-nonverbal-sexual-cues/

Cantú, Stephanie M ; Simpson, Jeffry A ; Griskevicius, Vladas ; Weisberg, Yanna J ; Durante, Kristina M ; Beal, Daniel J. Fertile and Selectively Flirty. Psychological Science. 2014. 25(2): 431-438.

Greer, Arlettee. ; Buss, Davidm. Tactics for promoting sexual encounters. Journal of Sex Research. 1994. 31(3): 185-201.

Goetz, Cari D.; Judith A. Easton; David M.G. Lewis; David M. Buss. Sexual Exploitability: Observable Cues And Their Link To Sexual Attraction. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2012; 33: 417-426.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/victim-blaming-or-useful-information-in-preventing-rape-and-sexual-exploitation/

Goetz, Cari D.; Judith A. Easton; Cindy M. Meston. The Allure of Vulnerability: Advertising Cues to Exploitability as a Signal of Sexual Accessibility. Personality and Individual Differences. 2013. 62: 121-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.019
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Guéguen Nicolas. Gait and menstrual cycle: ovulating women use sexier gaits and walk slowly ahead of men. Gait Posture. 2012; 35(4): 621-4.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/gait-as-bait-women-walk-sexy-during-high-sexual-receptivity/

Grammer, Karl ; Kruck, Kirsten ; Magnusson, Magnus. The Courtship Dance: Patterns of Nonverbal Synchronization in Opposite-Sex Encounters. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 1998, Vol.22(1), pp.3-29.

Givens D. The nonverbal basis of attraction: Flirtation, courtship, and seduction. Psychiatry. 1978. 41: 346.

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Hald, G. M., & Høgh-Olesen, H. Receptivity to Sexual Invitations from Strangers of the Opposite Gender. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2010. 31, 453-458.

Hall, Jeffrey A. and Chong Xing. The Verbal and Nonverbal Correlates of the Five Flirting Styles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2015. 39:41–68. DOI 10.1007/s10919-014-0199-8 http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/first-12-minutes-flirting-using-nonverbal-communication-study-reveals-26-body-language-cues-attraction/

Lloyd-Elliott, Martin. 1994. Secretes of Sexual Body Language. Ulysses Press.

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Moore, Monica. Courtship Signaling and Adolescents: Girls Just Wanna Have Fun. Journal of Sex Research. 1995. 32(4): 319-328.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/girls-just-want-to-have-fun-the-origins-of-courtship-cues-in-girls-and-women/

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Mishra, Sandeep; Andrew Clark and Martin Daly. One Woman’s Behavior Affects The Attractiveness Of Others. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2007 28: 145-149.
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*No Photo, Aggressive body language, Dominant body language, Excited body language, Intimate touching, Power play, Social touching, Space invasion

Body Language of Wrench Forward Handshake

by Chris • October 30, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Wrench Forward Handshake

Cue: Wrench Forward Handshake

Synonym(s): N/A

Description: Unlike the thrust forward handshake, the wrench forward handshaker will pull people into their personal space. It happens during a normal handshake except that a person pulls sharply toward them. This puts the other person off balance, forcing them to fall inward.

In One Sentence: The wrench forward handshake signals that a person wants to pull another in closer so they can control them.

How To Use it: Use the wrench forward handshake to show that you are not prepared to let someone out of your sight. Tell them you are keeping a close eye on them by pulling them into your personal space. This body language serves as a fair warning that insubordination will not be tolerated.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I like you so much that I’m going to pull you into my personal space so we can be more intimate, besides if you stay close I can keep a better eye on you and control you better.”

Variant: See Country Handshake (The), Cold Dead Wet Fish Handshake, Double Gripper Politician Handshake or Double Hander (The), Short Grabber/Finger Grabber Handshake, Oddball Handshake, Palm Up, Palm Down and Palm Even Handshakes, Stiff Arm And Thrust Forward Handshake, Death Grip Handshake, Wrench Forward Handshake, Undershaker Handshake, Wrist Hold Handshake, Wrist Hold Handshake and Upper Arm Grip Handshake, Limp Fish Handshake, Teacup Handshake, Arm Twister Handshake (The), Firm handshake, Fist Bumping.

Cue In Action: Bob liked Doug very much, but the sentiment was not reciprocal. When they shook hands, Doug reached out and away from his body, but as soon as Bob got a good grip, he pulled him and close almost making him fall. Doug laughed it off, but made a note to avoid shaking hands with him next time if possible.

Meaning and/or Motivation: This is done by people who require less personal space than normal.

People who shakes hands in this way are also trying to control the other person by moving them into their personal space against their will. They feel that they can influence them more efficiently by making them uncomfortable. They are also setting the other person off balance making them unable to properly respond.

Another variation exists where someone might pull you forward toward a chair, or move you to the side of the room as desired. Someone that shakes hands like this is trying to set the tone for the relationship by controlling where you move next. Obviously, this is a sign that they want to dominate you.

Cue Cluster: The wrench forward handshaker will usually find other ways to control through intimacy such as getting closer and invading personal space, touching the back arms or hands while talking and so forth.

Body Language Category: Aggressive body language, Dominant body language, Excited body language, Intimate touching, Power play, Space invasion, Social touching.

Resources:

Argyle, M., & Dean, I. Eye contact, distance and affiliation. Sociometry, 1965, 28, 289-304.

Boucher, Michael L. Holzberg, Jules D. (editor). Effect of seating distance on interpersonal attraction in an interview situation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1972 38(1): 15-19.

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Cook, M. Experiments on orientation and proxemics. Human Relations, 1970, 23, 61-67.

Coutts, Larrym. ; Ledden, Maribeth. Nonverbal Compensatory Reactions to Changes in Interpersonal Proximity. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1977 102(2): 283-290.

Dolphin, Carol Zinner. Beyond hall: Variables in the use of personal space in intercultural transactions. Howard Journal of Communications. 1988. 1(1): 23-38.

Frumin, Idan; Ofer Perl; Yaara Endevelt-Shapira; Ami Eisen; Neetai Eshel; Iris Heller; Maya Shemesh; Aharon Ravia; Lee Sela; Anat Arzi and Noam Sobel. A Social Chemosignaling Function for Human Handshaking. eLife 2015. 4:e05154
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05154.
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Fisher, J; Rytting, M and Heslin, R. 1976. Hands touching hands: affective and evaluative effects on interpersonal touch, Sociometry 39: 416–421.

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Greenberg, Carl I. ; Firestone, Ira J. Greenwald, Anthony G. (editor). Compensatory responses to crowding: Effects of personal space intrusion and privacy reduction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1977. 35(9): 637-644.

Graziano, Michael S.A. and Cooke, Dylan F. Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space, and defensive behavior. Neuropsychologia. 2006. 44(6): 845-859.

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Holt, Daphne J ; Cassidy, Brittany S ; Yue, Xiaomin ; Rauch, Scott L ; Boeke, Emily A ; Nasr, Shahin ; Tootell, Roger B H ; Coombs, Garth. Neural correlates of personal space intrusion. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2014. 34(12): 4123-34.

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Jeffrey D. Fisher; Marvin Rytting; Richard Heslin. 1976. Hands Touching Hands: Affective and Evaluative Effects of an Interpersonal Touch. Sociometry, 39(4): 416-421.

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*No Photo, Courtship display, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI), Rapport or rapport building, Tie signals

Body Language of Wink

by Chris • October 30, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Wink

Cue: Wink.

Synonym(s): N/A.

Description: One eye closes for a split second while the other remains open.

In One Sentence: The wink is a way for people to share in a joke or to signal sexual interest.

How To Use it: To let people in on the joke nonverbally, simply wink one eye. The cue is best used following a joke which may or may not be obvious to the audience.

In dating, a wink can be used by men or women to signal covert sexual interest.

Context: a) General b) Dating.

Verbal Translation: a) “I’m winking to show you that we’re sharing a joke together.” b) “I’m winking at you to show you that you and I have a sexual energy.”

Variant: See Extended Blink or Double Wink.

Cue In Action: a) Dad winked at his son when Mom discovered that an extra piece of cake was missing. When Mom was out, Dad and son stole an extra a piece. They were both in on the joke. b) From across the bar, he winked at his wife showing her that he thought she was sexy in her new dress.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Winking is a gesture that usually signals that something cheeky is going on between two people who are “in on the joke.”

The wink is a “tie signal” meaning it is delivered from one person specifically toward another person who in on the secret, or joke. The wink is a long distance whisper because it conveys specific meaning quietly and it may or may not be noticed by other people.

At times, the wink has sexual or intimate connotations. Normally, men or overt women will perform this gesture to the opposite sex as a sexual invitation or during flirting. It becomes particularly salient when accompanied by a click of the tongue. A wink often carries more significance than touching such as from a handshake, hug or even a kiss on the cheek.

In 2007 George Bush attempted to recover from a gaffe with a wink, when accidentally suggesting that the Queen had been visiting the U.S. since 1776 making her out to be over 200 years old! The wink was only met with a frosty stare that only a disapproving mother could replicate.

Cue Cluster: The context will outline the purpose of the wink, be it sexual or general in origination.

Body Language Category: Courtship displays, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Rapport or rapport building, Tie signals.

Resources:

Axtell, Roger E. Gestures: The Do’s and Taboos of Body Language Around the World. 1997. Wiley.

Kotlyar, Igor and Dan Ariely. The Effect of Nonverbal Cues on Relationship Formation.
Computers in Human Behavior. 2013. 29:544-551.

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Feldman, S. S. (1959). Mannerisms of speech and gestures in everyday life. New York: International Universities Press, Inc.

Lindsey, A. Elizabeth ; Vigil, Valerie. The interpretation and evaluation of winking in stranger dyads. Communication Research Reports. 1999. 16(3): 256-265.

Morris, D. (1985). Bodywatching: A field guide to the human species. New York:Crowh Publishers, Inc.

Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Dominant body language, Expansive movements, Gravity defying body language, High confidence body language, High confidence hand displays, Leadership body language, Open body language, Palm power, Up nonverbals

Body Language of Wide Arms

by Chris • October 30, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Wide Arms

Cue: Wide Arms

Synonym(s): Arms Apart, Catching The Applause.

Description: The arms are spread wide apart, palms even (neither up nor down) and eye contact is established with the target or targets.

In One Sentence: Wide arms is a long distance embrace-indicator.

How To Use it: Use the wide arms posture to collect adulation from other people at a distance. Presenters, politicians, entertainers, and so forth, should use the wide arm posture to connect and build bonds with many people at the same time.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m opening my arms wide, palms flashed to catch all your applause and adulation – I am your star.”

Variant: See Palm Up Displays or The Rogatory Posture, Arms Up Posture.

Cue In Action: The president approached the audience, flashed his palms out and circled the stage with wide arms held just above his head. He was soaking in the adulation like a rock star.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Wide arms are a long distance embrace-indicator. Entertainers frequently perform this gesture toward their audience after completing a routine in order to catch their applause and adulation. We also see politicians do the wide arms gesture to collect them all in one big long-distance hug.

The posture shows others that they have a positive attitude as it defies gravity, that they are dominant by taking up more space, and that they wish to be noticed.

Other times, the wide arms posture is used to calm an audience. This gesture appears more as a palm moving in an up and down movement.

Cue Cluster: Watch for a big smile, head held high, palm flashing, waving, a swagger, eye contact with the audience, blowing kisses, bowing, pointing to people that are recognized, shaking hands, kiss hello and hugging.

Body Language Category: Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Dominant body language, Expansive movements, Gravity defying body language, High confidence body language, High confidence hand displays, Leadership body language, Open body language, Palm power, Up nonverbals.

Resources:

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Mehrabian, Albert ; Williams, Martin Mcguire, William J. (editor). Nonverbal concomitants of perceived and intended persuasiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1969. 13(1): 37-58.

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Wu, Y. C., & Coulson, S.(2005).Meaningful gestures: Electrophysiological indices of iconic gesture comprehension. Psychophysiology, 42, 654–667.

Wang, Lin ; Chu, Mingyuan Neuropsychologia. The role of beat gesture and pitch accent in semantic processing: An ERP study. 2013, Vol.51(13), pp.2847-2855

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*No Photo, Amplifier, Masked emotions, Pacifying body language, Relaxed body language, Self-motivating gestures, Stressful body language

Body Language of Whistling

by Chris • October 30, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Whistling

Cue: Whistling.

Synonym(s): Singing to Oneself

Description: Blowing air over the lips and teeth to produce a high pitched sound – often producing a ‘tune’ with varying music notes.

In One Sentence: Whistling is a sign of happiness or that a person needs to self-sooth and calm themselves.

How To Use it: Use whistling to show others your positive spirit. Carrying an upbeat tune shows other people that you are content which can be contagious. Whistling can be used in any context, but should be avoided where silence is the norm such as in a library or other situations where other people require focus and concentration.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m whistling because I’m happy or because I need to calm myself down in a stressful situation.”

Variant: See Blowing Off Steam.

Cue In Action: a) He just won first prize and was whistling a happy upbeat tune. b) He was lost in the woods and had circled the same area more than once. He whistled to himself to stay motivated and calm his nerves.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Whistling indicates contentment, usually, however it can also signify the desire to be pacified making it context specific.

The type of tune, high or low, happy or sad, as well as the context will determine the hidden meaning behind whistling. One might also watch for breaks in singing that is otherwise content. This might indicate a level of momentary stress that has arisen during a difficult task. For example, one might be pleasantly working on a home car build project and struggle with the wrench. As a person applies force or concentrates, there is a break in singing. Long pauses might be present during deep concentration. The break in whistling is an indication that there has been a change in focus.

Cue Cluster: Watch for adjoining stress related cues or relaxed cues to verify the meaning. It is important to verify the baseline of an individual to decide what whistling really means as some use it to pacify and others to indicate happiness.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Masked emotions, Pacifying body language, Relaxed body language, Self-motivating gestures, Stressful body language.

Resources:

NONE

*No Photo, Aggressive body language, Amplifier, Audible signals, Disapproval cues, Hostile body language, Pseudo-infantile gestures

Body Language of Whining Voice or Whine

by Chris • October 30, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Whining Voice or Whine

Cue: Whining Voice or Whine

Synonym(s): Nagging.

Description: Nagging can be sign-song-like, high pitched, grating, continuous, and meant to annoy.

In One Sentence: A whining voice is a form of punishment used to manipulate other people into doing something they’d rather not do.

How To Use it: Whining can only be used effectively when there is a sympathetic listener. Therefore, the cue is generally reserved for women and children. While men can sometimes use whining, it is likely to result in a poor reflection of him and also yield poor results overall. That is not to say that women and children do not receive negative judgment when whining, however, the negative impression is usually short-lived and the pay-out in terms of results, therefore, worth it. Whining works as a “negative reinforcement” as the whiner promises to eliminate her whine once she has received her currency.

Context: a) General b) Dating.

Verbal Translation: “I’m incapable of solving my own problems so I punish people around me with a shrill, continuous, and annoying voice, in hopes that someone else will pick up the slack for me and serve my needs.”

Variant: See Voice Pitch.

Cue In Action: a) She whined incessantly – through the entire car ride. She wanted mom and dad to stop for ice-cream. Finally, dad had enough, pulled the car over at the nearest chain restaurant and bought her a cone just to make it stop. b) She whined incessantly – daily. She wanted a diamond ring and she wasn’t going to take “no” for an answer. Finally he broke down, pulled her into the ring store and bought her a ring just to make it stop.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Whining is a childlike voice trait aimed specifically at manipulating other people without using forceful words. Whining is a form of punishment to those who hear it. The whiner assumes that their annoying speaking patterns will motivation someone to action on their behalf, with the reward being whine cessation. In other words, the whine pushes those around him or her into action “just to make the whining stop.” Often, this only encourages the whine to return in the future as whining has been rewarded. Whining is considered a passive aggressive form of non-physical violence.

Those who use whining voices are usually followers by nature and often prefer to complain rather than take action themselves. The whiner is hoping others will take care of them. When suggestions to take charge of their own fate are suggested they are quickly rejected, then the person will often withdraw and pout. Whiners often surround themselves with people who are sympathetic to their complaints and help them.

Those who whine are often infantile in their character traits when they aren’t actually infants themselves. Toddlers habitually manipulate adults through whining, but adults, frequently female, will maintain the trait in effort to coax men around them perform favours for them. When grown men whine, it is particularly off-putting.

Cue Cluster: Whining is often coupled with submissive postures and infantile or eratic behaviour such as flailing arms, pouting, downcast eyes, crying, holding the breath, kicking and screaming, flopping on the floor or self harm and breaking things.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Aggressive body language, Audible signals, Disapproval cues, Hostile body language, Pseudo-infantile gestures.

Resources:

Bachorowski, J., & Owren, M. J. (1995). Vocal expression of emotion: Acoustic properties of speech are associated with emotional intensity and context. Psychological Science, 6, 219–224.

Chang, Rosemarie Sokol and Thompson, Nicholas S. Whines, cries, and motherese: Their relative power to distract. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology.2011. 5(2): 131-141.

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Siegman, Aron Wolfe ; Boyle and Stephen Mineka. Voices of Fear and Anxiety and Sadness and Depression: The Effects of Speech Rate and Loudness on Fear and Anxiety and Sadness and Depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1993. 102(3): 430-437.

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Walker-Andrews, A., & Grolnick, W. (1983). Discrimination of vocal expressions by young infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 491–498.

*No Photo, Greeting gesture, Honest body language, Open body language, Palm power, Rapport or rapport building, Recognition gestures

Body Language of Wave or Waving

by Chris • October 30, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Wave or Waving

Cue: Wave or Waving.

Synonym(s): N/A

Description: The hand is raised and moved back and forth palm facing out.

In One Sentence: Waving is a long distance greeting gesture.

How To Use it: Use the wave to signal “hello” or “goodbye” over a long distance or when vocalizing words is impractical.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m flashing my palms over a long distance as a greeting gesture to prove that I carry no weapons and mean no harm.”

Variant: See the various forms of Handshakes.

Cue In Action: a) When approaching the drive on a country walk, his neighbour and he exchanged a wave to say hello. b) While mowing the lawn, Nancy waved to Bill who was claiming his mail from the box.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Waving the hand back and forth is a greeting gesture done over long distance. Compare the wave to a handshake, hug or kiss-hello for example. Waving is appropriate when saying goodbye or hello. Those that live in the country habitually wave rather than shake hands as they are not as accustomed to allowing people into their personal space, as those who reside in the city.

The wave, as a long distance greeting, probably has roots in showing that we aren’t carrying a spear, sword, or bow and arrow. Having the hands deep in a pocket or carried behind the back can be a sign of aggression or passive threat, and our evolutionary history tells us that someone who is hiding something is someone that we shouldn’t trust. While they probably carry no weapon, the hands behind the back produces images other than the hiding a bouquet of flowers.

Showing open palms, facing up, or the “palm flash” is essentially what would have happened thousands of years ago when two foreign tribes met.

Even today we might guess that a stranger approaching us on the street was up to no good especially if they hid their hands at their backs or tucked inside a jacket.

Cue Cluster: A wave has meaning onto itself with no need for supportive cues.

Body Language Category: Greeting gesture, Honest body language, Open body language, Palm power, Rapport or rapport building, Recognition gestures.

Resources:

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