Category: Liking

Body Language of Face Platter

Body Language of Face Platter

BodyLanguageProjectCom - Face Platter 2Cue: Face Platter

Synonym(s): N/A

Description: A gesture done by resting the chin on the backside of the hands or in the palms of the hands. The elbows are usually propped up on a table providing additional support to the chin and head.

In One Sentence: The face platter is a positive courtship type gesture used to place full emphasis on the face.

How To Use it: Women can use the face platter to show men that they are keenly interested in what they are saying while at the same time putting their face in full view. The hand position serves to highlighted thief faces. In a general setting, the face platter can be used to show others that you are focused on what they are saying and given them your undivided attention.

Context: a) General b) Dating.

Verbal Translation: “I’m serving my face up on a platter so you can have the best view of it – like a trophy on display.”

Variant: See Face Palm and Double Face Palm.

Cue In Action: During coffee, she propped her elbows up on the table and placed her chin on her palms and gaze adoringly at her date.

Meaning and/or Motivation: A positive courtship gesture essentially “serving the face on a platter.” It is feminine gesture that puts the face on full display as if it should be admired.

When courtship signals are absent the face platter can mean boredom especially if no eye contact is made and the head seems to slouch.

In a friendly context, the face platter coupled with persistent eye contact, indicates high focus as if the person is studying and watching their companion.

Cue Cluster: The face platter is coupled with adoring eyes and smiling.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Courtship displays, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Liking.

Resources:

Borkenau, P. (1991). Evidence of a correlation between wearing glasses and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 1125-1128. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90074-L

Cash, T. F., Dawson, K., Davis, P., Bowen, M., & Galumbeck, C. (1989). Effects of cosmetics use on the physical attractiveness and body image of American college women. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 349-355.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/science-makeup-how-to-use-it/

Chao, A., & Schor, J. B. (1998). Empirical tests of status consumption: Evidence from women’s cosmetics. Journal of Economic Psychology, 19, 107-131.
Franzoi, S. L. (2001). Is female body esteem shaped by benevolent sexism? Sex Roles, 44, 177-188.

Charles v. Ford, Lies! Lies! Lies!: The Psychology of Deceit (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1996), 200.

Dimond, Stuart ; Harries, Rashida. Face touching in monkeys, apes and man: Evolutionary origins and cerebral asymmetry. Neuropsychologia. 1984. 22(2): 227-233.

Edwards, K. (1987). Effects of sex and glasses on attitudes toward intelligence and attractiveness. Psychological Reports, 60, 590.

Guéguen, Nicolas. Makeup and Menstrual Cycle: Near Ovulation, Women Use More Cosmetics. The Psychological Record. 2012, 62, 541-548.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/women-use-makeup-fertile/

Guéguen, Nicolas. Brief Report: The Effects of Women’s Cosmeticson Men’s Approach: An Evaluation in a Bar North American Journal of Psychology. 2008. 10 (1): 221-228.

Guéguen, Nicolas and Céline Jacob. Lipstick And Tipping Behavior: When Red Lipstick Enhance Waitresses Tips. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2012; 31: 1333– 1335.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/men-prefer-women-who-dress-in-red-and-wear-red-lipstick-how-to-earn-more-tips-or-favours-from-men/

Guéguen, Nicolas. Hair color and wages: Waitresses with Blond Hair Have More Fun. The Journal of Socio-Economics. 2012. 41: 370-372.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/research-says-blondes-fair-better-tips-courtship-donations-spontaneous-helping/

Guéguen, Nicolas. Hair Color and Courtship: Blond Women Received More Courtship Solicitations and Redhead Men Received More Refusals. Psychol Stud. 2012. 57(4):369–375. DOI 10.1007/s12646-012-0158-6

Guéguen, Nicolas. Brief Report: Women’s Hair Color and Donations: Blonds Receive More Money. North American Journal of Psychology. 2011. 13(3): 367-372.
Guéguen, Nicolas. The Sweet Color of an Implicit Request: Women’s Hair Color and Spontaneous Helping Behavior. Social Behavior and Personality. 2012. 40(7): 1099-1102.

Holme, S. A., Beattie, P. E., & Fleming, C. J. (2002). Cosmetic camouflage advice improves quality of life. British Journal of Dermatology, 147, 946-949.

Harris, M. B., Harris, R. J., & Bochner, S. (1982). Fat, four-eyed, and female: Stereotypes of obesity, glasses, and gender. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 503-516. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1982. tb00882.x

Harris, M.B. (1991). Sex differences in stereotypes of spectacles. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1659–1680. doi 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00497.x

Hasart, J. K.,&Hutchinson, K. L. (1993). The effects of eyeglasses on perceptions of interpersonal-attraction. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 8, 521–528.

Hellström, A., & Tekle, J. (1994). Person perception through facial photographs: Effects of glasses, hair, and beard on judgments of occupation and personal qualities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 693–705. doi 10.1002/ejsp.2420240606

Jones, Alex L.; Robin S. S. Kramerb and Robert Warda. Miscalibrations in Judgements of Attractiveness With Cosmetics. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2014. 64(1): 12060-2068. DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.908932.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/dont-cake-makeup-study-finds-less-makeup-best/

Jones, Alex L and Robin S. S. Kramer. Facial Cosmetics Have Little Effect on Attractiveness Judgments Compared With Identity. 2015. In Press. doi:10.1068/p7904
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/ditch-makeup-cosmetics-play-small-role-overall-beauty-study/

Kyle, D. J., & Mahler, H. I. (1996). The effects of hair colour and cosmetic use on perceptions of a female’s ability. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 447-455.

Lundberg, J. K., & Sheehan, E. P. (1994). The effects of glasses and weight on perceptions of attractiveness and intelligence. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 753–760.

Leder, Helmut ; Forster, Michael ; Gerger, Gernot. The Glasses Stereotype Revisited: Effects of Eyeglasses on Perception, Recognition, and Impression of Faces. Swiss Journal of Psychology. 2011. 70(4): 211-222.

Mulhern, R., Fieldman, G., Hussey, T., Le´veˆque, J.-L., & Pineau, P. (2003). Do cosmetics enhance Caucasian female facial attractiveness? International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 25(4), 199-205.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/beauty-eye-holder-makeup/

Mohiyeddini, Changiz ; Semple, Stuart. Displacement behaviour regulates the experience of stress in men. Stress. 2013. 16(2): 163-171.

Nash, Rebecca; George Fieldman; Trevor Hussey; Jean-Luc Le Ve Que and Patricia Pineau. Cosmetics: They Influence More Than Caucasian Female Facial Attractiveness
Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2006. 36(2):493-504.

Porcheron, Aurélie; Emmanuelle Mauger; Richard Russell. Aspects of Facial Contrast Decrease with Age and Are Cues for Age Perception. PLoS ONE, 2013; 8 (3): e57985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057985.

Pease, Barbara and Allan Pease. 2006. The Definitive Book of Body Language Hardcover. Bantam.

Russell, Richard. (2010) Why cosmetics work. In Adams, R., Ambady, N., Nakayama, K., & Shimojo, S. (Eds.) The Science of Social Vision. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 186-203

Regan, Pamela C. Cinderella Revisited: Women’s Appearance Modification as a Function of Target Audience Sex and Attractiveness. Social Behavior and Personality. 2011. 39(4): 563-576. DOI 10.2224/sbp.2011.39.4.563
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/women-wear-makeup-meeting-attractive-people/

Stillman, Jerijaynew. ; Hensley, Waynee. She wore a flower in her hair: The effect of ornamentation on nonverbal communication. Journal of Applied Communication Research. 1980. 8(1): 31-39.

Terry, R. L. (1993). How wearing eyeglasses affects facial recognition. Current Psychology, 12, 151–162. doi 10.1007/ BF02686820

Terry,R. L.,&Hall, C. A. (1989). Affective responses to eyeglasses: Evidence of a sex difference. Journal of American Optometrist Association, 60, 609–611.

Terry, R. L., & Kroger, D.L. (1976). Effects of eye correctives on ratings of attractiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42, 562. doi 10.2466/PMS.42.2.562

Body Language Of Echoing

Body Language Of Echoing

No picCue: Echoing

Synonym(s): Related to Mirroring

Description: Echoing is like mirroring where similar body postures are replicated, but not right away. Instead they are copied some time later. Echoing can be so prominent that it appears fluent. Bodies seem to jive as if in an elaborate dance.

In One Sentence: Echoing is a nonverbal tactic or behaviour that happens naturally to show agreement in which a person copies or nearly copies the gestures and postures of another person, not immediately, but with a few seconds or minutes of separation.

How To Use it: Echoing is a great way to create nonverbal liking through subconscious means. By adopting the postures and gestures of others a few seconds after they have initiated them, it will create similar feelings. If done correctly, echoing produces strong liking and builds relationships quickly.

Echoing works equally well in business as it does in dating and friendships. To use echoing make sure that postures are not mimicked exactly in a copy-cat fashion, but instead happen similarly. Should someone catch on to your game, they may become suspicious. Therefore echoing should be done with some degree of caution.

The best kind of echoing happens when it is done naturally and this is the case when two people really seem to jive and get along with one another. Echoing is a nonverbal form of agreement.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “We’re almost on the same page, as we are copying each other but not immediately like mirroring. Since our bodies are flowing in a similar pattern our minds are flowing in a similar pattern – therefore we agree with each other and have strong rapport.”

Variant: See Mirroring.

Cue In Action: Some ways bodies echo:
[A] Shifting weight from one foot to the other foot or keeping the weight on the same foot as the person you are talking with.
[B] Leaning the same way on a bar top or up against a wall or other structure.
[C] Crossing the legs in the same direction or opposite direction when facing each other.
[D] Both keeping the legs uncrossed.
[E] Gesturing with the hands similarly.
[F] Drinking in unison or holding drinks with the same hand.
[G] Placing both hands, or just one hand, on the hips.
[H] Leaning in, or leaning out.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Echoing indicates that rapport is being built between two people and that agreement is taking place. In echoing, postures and gestures are not concurrent with what is going on with others, but instead happen after some time has elapsed.

Echoing the gestures and postures of another person, often happens within thirty seconds to a minute after another person. However, it can sometimes even happen with several minutes of separation. When gestures and postures happen simultaneously, on the other hand, we call this mirroring.

When echoing is present rapport is felt between two people. We say that these people are on the same “wavelength.”

Cue Cluster: N/A

Body Language Category: Attentive, Buy signals, Courtship displays, Comfort body language, Honest body language, Indicator of interest (IoI), Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Liking, Nonthreatening body language, Rapport or rapport building, Relaxed body language.

Resources:

Bavelas, J. B., Black, A., Chovil, N., Lemery, C. R., & Mullett, J. (1988). Form and function in motor mimicry: Topographic evidence that the primary function is communicative. Human Communication Research, 14, 275- 299.

Bavelas, J. B., Black, A., Lemery, C. R., & Mullett, J. (1986). “I show how you feel”: Motor mimicry as a communicative act. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 322-329.

Chartrand, T. L.,& Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 893-910.

Cooper, Ella A.; John Garlick; Eric Featherstone; Valerie Voon; Tania Singer; Hugo D. Critchley and Neil A. Harrison. You Turn Me Cold: Evidence for Temperature Contagion. PLoS ONE 9(12): e116126. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116126.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/mirror-cold-nonverbals-influence-real-body-temperate-others/

Cooper, L. 1976. Mirroring: One vehicle to organizational clarity. International Journal Of Social Psychiatry 22 (4): 288-295.

di Pellegrino, G.; L. Fadiga; L. Fogassi; V. Gallese, and G. Rizzolatti. Understanding Motor Events: A Neurophysiological Study. Experimental Brain Research. 1992. 91:176-180
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/mirror-neurons-make-emotions-body-language-contagious/

Dezecache, Guillaume; Laurence Conty; Michele Chadwick; Leonor Philip; Robert Soussignan; Dan Sperber and Julie Grezes. Evidence for Unintentional Emotional Contagion Beyond Dyads. PLoS ONE. 2013. 8(6): e67371. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067371
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/emotion-collective-crowd-emotions-really-contagious

Guéguen, Nicolas; Martin, Angelique and Sebastien Meineri. Mimicry and Helping Behavior: An Evaluation of Mimicry on Explicit Helping Request. The Journal of Social Psychology. 2011. 51(1), 1–4
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/mimicking-way-compliance-mirroring-body-language-another-leads-helping-behaviour/

Grammer, Karl ; Kruck, Kirsten ; Magnusson, Magnus. The Courtship Dance: Patterns of Nonverbal Synchronization in Opposite-Sex Encounters. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 1998, Vol.22(1), pp.3-29.

Hofree G, Ruvolo P, Bartlett MS, Winkielman P. Bridging the Mechanical and the Human Mind: Spontaneous Mimicry of a Physically Present Android. PLoS ONE. 2014. 9(7): e99934. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099934.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/humans-cant-help-mirror-robots-nonverbal-expressions/

Harrigan, Jinni ; Oxman, Thomas ; Rosenthal, Robert. Rapport expressed through nonverbal behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1985. 9(2): 95-110.

Leander, N. Pontus; Tanya L. Chartrand and John A. Bargh. You Give Me the Chills Embodied Reactions to Inappropriate Amounts of Behavioral Mimicry. Psychological Science. 2012. 23(7): 772-779. Published online before print May 18, 2012, doi: 10.1177/0956797611434535.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/stop-mirroring-youre-giving-chills/

Kulesza, Wojciech; Zofia Szypowska; Warsaw, Poland; Matthew S. Jarman and
Dariusz Dolinski. Attractive Chameleons Sell: The Mimicry-Attractiveness Link. Psychology and Marketing. 2014. 31(7): 549–561. DOI: 10.1002/mar.20716
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LaFrance, Marianne. and W. Ickes. 1981. Posture mirroring and interactional involvement: sex and sex typing effects. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 5: 139-154.

LaFrance, M. (1979). Nonverbal synchrony and rapport: Analysis by the cross-lag panel technique. Social Psychology Quarterly, 42, 66-70.

LaFrance, M. (1982). Posture mirroring and rapport. In M. Davis (Ed.), Interaction
rhythms: Periodicity in communicative behavior (pp. 279-298).New York: Human Sciences Press.

LaFrance, M., & Broadbent, M. (1976). Group rapport: Posture sharing as a nonverbal indicator. Group and Organization Studies, 1, 328-333.

LaFrance, M. (1979). Nonverbal synchrony and rapport: Analysis by the cross-lag panel technique. Social Psychology Quarterly, 42, 66-70.

Manusov, Valerie. Mimicry or synchrony: The effects of intentionality attributions for nonverbal mirroring behavior. Communication Quarterly. 1992 40(1): 69-83.

Rychlowska, Magdalena; Elena Canadas; Adrienne Wood; Eva G. Krumhuber; Agneta Fischer and Paula M. Niedenthal. Blocking Mimicry Makes True and False Smiles Look the Same. PLoS ONE. 2014. 9(3): e90876. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090876.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/read-facial-expressions-better-mimicking/

Smith-Genthôs, K. Rachelle; Darcy A. Reich; Jessica L. Lakin; Mario P. Casa de Calvo. The Tongue-Tied Chameleon: The Role of Nonconscious Mimicry in the Behavioral Confirmation Process. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2015. 56: 179-182.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/careful-mirror-use-nonverbal-mirroring/

Sanchez-burks, Jeffrey ; Bartel, Caroline A. ; Blount, Sally Kozlowski, Steve W. J. (editor). Performance in Intercultural Interactions at Work: Cross-Cultural Differences in Response to Behavioral Mirroring. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2009 94(1). 216-223.

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Trout, Deborah ; Rosenfeld, Howard. The effect of postural lean and body congruence on the judgment of psychotherapeutic rapport. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1980. 4(3): 176-190.

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Body Language of Direct Eye Contact

Body Language of Direct Eye Contact

BodyLanguageProjectCom - Direct Eye ContactCue: Direct Eye Contact

Synonym(s): Eye Contact

Description: Eyes that meet someone else’s (versus looking away or at the mouth, chin, or body).

In One Sentence: Direct eye contact signals to others that one is intently listening and focused on the person whose eyes they have met.

How To Use it: Use direct eye contact to signal that you are dominant and can withstand reciprocal eye contact without wavering. Alternatively, use eye contact in dating to signal sexual interest. While with friends, eye contact can also send a warm glow when it is not done in a piercing fashion. Various cultures use direct eye contact in different ways – therefore, it would pay to be conscious of these social norms when traveling.

Context: a) General, b) Dating.

Verbal Translation: “I’m interested in you and I want you to know that so my eyes are meeting yours.”

Variant: Eyes are an important source of information; see other eye cues for more details. See Friendly Social Gaze, Staring or The Evil Eye, Gaze Omission, Gazing Adoringly, Intimate Gaze (The) or Triangular Gaze Pattern.

Cue In Action: When speaking, the lovers made frequent eye contact.

Meaning and/or Motivation: An indication of active honest listening. Practiced liars feign eye contact to study whether or not a lie is being rejected or accepted. In a dating context, direct eye contact is a sign of interest. The meaning of direct eye contact is hugely varied and one should look at the associated cues to determine the true intent of direct eye contact.

Eye contact can be piercing and studied, an attack, or alluring and coy such as gazing. See variants for more specific meaning of eye contact.

Cue Cluster: Varied depending on context.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Arousal, Attentive, Aggressive body language, Anger, Authoritative body language, Courtship display, Confident, Dominant body language, High confidence body language, Indicator of interest (IoI), Leadership body language, Liking, Rapport or rapport building.

Resources:

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Aguinis, Herman ; Henle, Christinea. Effects of Nonverbal Behavior on Perceptions of a Female Employee’s Power Bases. The Journal of Social Psychology. 2001 141(4): 537-549.

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Bolmont, Mylene; John T. Cacioppo and Stephanie Cacioppo. Love Is in the Gaze: An Eye-Tracking Study of Love and Sexual Desire. Psychological Science July 16, 2014. Published online before print. July 16, 2014, doi: 10.1177/0956797614539706
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Body Language of Cooperative Feet

Body Language of Cooperative Feet

BodyLanguageProjectCom - Cooperative Feet 1Cue: Cooperative Feet

Synonym(s): Feet Pointed Toward A Person.

Description: Cooperative feet are ones that are oriented toward a speaker rather than away. Their proximity is increased rather than decreased.

In One Sentence: When feet are pointed and are oriented toward a speaker, they indicate through direction and proximity, that a person is willing to cooperate.

How To Use it: Use feet to show the direction in which you are thinking and feeling. Feet can be pointed and extended toward the door if one wishes to leave. On the other hand, should a person or their ideas be of interest you should aim and extend your feet in their direction. While many people will only subconsciously be aware of your tactic, it will help reinforce your vocal words and help you maintain congruence. Matching your words with your body language will make you appear more honest and trustworthy.

When one wishes to show disinterest, simply turn the feet away. This can show others that you wish to leave or that you are not interested in what they are saying. This can serve you by increasing the chances they will make the conversation more interesting or if negotiation, advance a better offer.

Context: a) Dating b) Business

Verbal Translation: “I agree with you and my primitive mind is showing it by moving my feet toward you and pointing at you.”

Variant: See Toe Pointing or Pointed Toe, Buttress Stance or Foot Forward Leg Stance.

Cue In Action: a) Jill and Bill were really hitting it off, you could tell just by looking at their feet bellow the table. Both his and her feet were extended toward one another. b) At one point in the conversation the client was about to leave with his body aimed toward the door. Noticing his negative body language, the salesman quickly dropped his price 30%. The client pulled his feet back in and aimed them squarely at the salesman. The salesmen used his knowledge of body language to salvage the deal.

Meaning and/or Motivation: The direction that feet point coupled with their extension or withdrawal tells us much about how a person really feels about the situation. Feet move toward things they like and away from things they don’t like.

Feet are either cooperative or non-cooperative depending on how close they are to the stimulus and which way they point. In other words, as feet move closer, they are in agreement and when they are withdrawn, they are in disagreement. Also, feet usually point toward people and ideas they agree with and away from people and ideas they disagree with.

Millions of years ago, we gave up quadrupedalism to walk upright leaving our feet “to the dirt.” While our hands busied themselves with other complex tasks like building fires, making clothing and shelters and throwing spears our legs were relegated to more primitive activities like locomotion. The feet on the other hand, carried out more traditional tasks like escaping predators, avoiding hot sand or coals from the fire, leaping from slithering snakes or poisonous spiders, or navigating rough rocking river bottoms. The feet were therefore connected more to the reptilian brain that reacts to stimuli directly instead of contemplating higher order tasks that require planning.

When we’re frightened it doesn’t take much to put our feet in gear. For example, feet are quickly tucked under our legs and coiled up ready to flee with any indication of danger. For example, the shadow of a mouse scampering across the room forces our feet to instantly freeze, or be pulled onto a chair.

Our feet carry the flight or fight reaction to the letter making them honest.

Our feet and legs can display boredom through repetitive motions, joy by lifting the body up and down, fear by being tucked under a chair, depression by laying lazily or motionless and sensuality by being uncovered and flaunted.

Cue Cluster: Cooperative feet are accompanied by other agreement indicators such as palms up rather than down, arms uncrossed, head tilted at forty five degrees, eye contact, ventral fronting and head nods.

Body Language Category: Attentive, Body pointing, Courtship display, Honest body language or honesty, Indicator of interest (IoI), Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Intention movements, Liking, Open body language, Orienting reflex or orienting response, Undivided attention (nonverbal).

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Body Language of The Closed Formation

Body Language of The Closed Formation

BodyLanguageProjectCom - Closed Formation 1Cue: Closed Formation

Synonym(s): Standing Head On, Head On Standing Position, Standing A Zero Degree To Another, Face To Face.

Description: A head-on body orientation where the torsos are arranged at zero degrees to another person usually while standing.

In One Sentence: When people face head-to-head it implies that they are either intimate or combative.

How To Use it: Use the head-to-head closed formation to isolate a person or to build intimacy. Caution must be used as facing someone head-on can be viewed as a direct threat, so the orientation must be formed gradually, especially in business. Should men wish to face women head-on, they should resist this orientation until they feel that the woman will welcome the intimacy.

Head-to-head while sitting, on the other hand, is a great way to purposely create the impression of combat. We habitually see lawyers and their clients on one side of the table with their opponents sitting opposite. This helps the lawyers set up battles which is beneficial to them as it tends to prolonging the fight and ensuring that they pocket more money for their services.

In business, one should consider the head-to-head sitting orientation when brainstorming ideas. The competition between employees will be more intense, thus producing more variety in possible solutions.

Context: General, Dating.

Verbal Translation: a) “I’m totally into this conversation let’s close this off to anyone else that might want to get involved by blocking off entry.” b) “Where getting intimate by closing off to one another.” c) “This is getting heated and now where squared off to one another ready for a confrontation.”

Variant: See Angular Distance.

Cue In Action: Marla and Wendy started off oriented at ninety degrees to each other, but as they developed rapport, they slowly closed the formation so they were at zero degrees to one another in a head-to-head orientation.

Meaning and/or Motivation: A closed formation represents a more intimate orientation as the means of exit is impeded. A large amount of trust and interest must exist. It’s also an orientation where other participants are not welcome since the entry points have all been blocked off.

When men and women hold this orientation we expect them to be more intimately involved and trusting. The closed formation is a way men test a women’s desire to accept him into her personal zone.

In certain context, the closed formation is an indication of confrontation and disagreement. In this case, the parties are trying to show each other that they are focused on one another and are using their dominance to encroach and prevent escape.

Cue Cluster: a) A closed formation is accompanied by other open postures such as palms up, gesticulation, open and relaxed faces, friendly eye contact and social touching. b) In a dating context, we might see additional touching, possibly kissing, hugging and intimate eye contact. c) In a confrontation, encroaching will be severe, we may hear loud voices, the bodies may be leaning in or away depending on level of aggression or desire for escape, faces will show anger and so forth.

Body Language Category: Blading, Indicator of interest (IoI), Liking, Open body language, Rapport or rapport building, Relaxed body language.

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Stephenson, G. M. and B. K. Kniveton. 1978. Interpersonal and interparty exchange: an experimental study of the effect of seating position on the outcome of negotiations between teams representing parties in dispute. Human Relations 31(6): 555-566.

Remland, Martins. ; Jones, Tricias. ; Brinkman, Heidi. Interpersonal Distance, Body Orientation, and Touch: Effects of Culture, Gender, and Age. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1995 135(3): 281-297.

Robinson, Jeffrey David. Getting Down to Business Talk, Gaze, and Body Orientation During Openings of Doctor-Patient Consultations. Human Communication Research. 1998. 25(1): 97-123.

Straube, Benjamin ; Green, Antonia ; Jansen, Andreas ; Chatterjee, Anjan ; Kircher, Tilo. Social cues, mentalizing and the neural processing of speech accompanied by gestures. Neuropsychologia. 2010. 48(2): 382-393.

Body Language of Clapping

Body Language of Clapping

BodyLanguageProjectCom - Clapping 1Cue: Clapping

Synonym(s): Applause

Description: The hands come together quickly and slap each other to make an audible sound.

In One Sentence: When the hands come together to make a clapping sound it shows others that we are excited or approving.

How To Use it: Use clapping to show others your approval. You may also use a slow clap to show the reverse. The slow clap is “sarcastic.”

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m happy and excited so I slap my hands together and make lots of noise.”

Variant: Feet can also be slapped if the other hand is busy, drinks clinked, fingers snapped and hands waved (a silent applause). A slow clap shows that one is sarcastic about approval thus showing the reverse message.

Cue In Action: The audience clapped their hands to show their appreciation for the wonderful song played by the orchestra.

Meaning and/or Motivation: A celebratory nonverbal signal usually done by large audiences untoward a presenter or performer. Clapping can also be done to show general happiness such as when hearing the telling a funny joke.

Cue Cluster: Clapping is accompanied by true smiles, open facial expressions, relaxed body postures and joyful screaming.

Body Language Category: Energy Displacement, Enthusiasm (nonverbal), Expansive movements, Gravity defying body language, Happiness, Liking, Relaxed body language.

Resources:

Bull, Peter. Invited and uninvited applause in political speeches. British Journal of Social Psychology, 2006, Vol.45(3), pp.563-578.

Bull, Peter. Six key indicators guaranteed to reduce audience stress and increase your applause. Records Management Quarterly. 1997. 31(3): 18(4).

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Mann, Richard P ; Faria, Jolyon ; Sumpter, David J T ; Krause, Jens. The dynamics of audience applause. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society. 2013. 10(85): 2013046.

Manusov, Valerie. Mimicry or synchrony: The effects of intentionality attributions for nonverbal mirroring behavior. Communication Quarterly. 1992 40(1): 69-83.

The Hidden Meaning of Blading Body Language, Body Angling or Ventral Displays

The Hidden Meaning of Blading Body Language, Body Angling or Ventral Displays

BodyLanguageProjectCom - Blading Body Language, Body Angling or Ventral Displays 2Cue: Blading Body Language, Body Angling or Ventral Displays

Synonym(s): Ventral Displays, Ventral Fronting, Ventral Denial, Ventral Distancing, Body Orientation, Body Angling, Seated Body Pointing, Turning The Body Away From Someone, Turning The Body Toward Someone, Chest Orientation, Facing Away, Facing Toward.

Description: The turning of the body, the shoulders and chest, either toward or away from stimuli.

In One Sentence: Bodies turn toward ideas and people they agree with, and turn away from ideas and people they disagree with.

How To Use it: The application of blading body language is simple in practice. To show or feign agreement simply turn your shoulders toward the speaker. To show or feign disagreement simply turn your shoulders away from the speaker. Feigning either condition can force other people to chase you, despite your general agreement. This can be effective in a dating context as your counterpart will work harder to placate your interests. This can also be effective in negotiations. Simply blade away to show that the offer advanced does not meet your conditions. Your “disinterest” will create an incentive to boost their offer in your favour.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: a) “I like what I’m hearing so my body is angling toward you so we’re facing each other even more” b) “I don’t like what I’m hearing so my body is angling away from you so I can leave.”

Variant: Bodies might be angled or leaned in toward someone that is liked the most rather than for any form of agreement or disagreement.

Cue In Action: a) Jill turned her shoulders toward Bill when he paid her an honest compliment. b) When the much more successful associate, Frank arrived, Jill slowly turned away from Bill to focus her attention on Frank. After turning toward Frank, she made eye contact and began preening herself by fixing her hair. Her interest shifted from Bill to Frank which was obvious to onlookers by her shift in orientation.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Torsos house important vital organs that are responsible for keeping the body alive. Heart, lungs, liver, intestines and so forth are all easily accessible through a thin layer of skin, fat, muscle, ribs and a sternum and exposing our ventral side means that we trust we won’t be attacked and is therefore a signal of openness and liking. Ventral sides are usually oriented toward people we like and away from those we dislike.

Torsos will turn and angle away more and more as an encounter becomes more disagreeable. On the other hand, torsos will angle and turn toward as an encounter becomes more agreeable. When torsos face each other head-on, however, this can indicate direct confrontation or, contrarily, high intimacy (and engagement).

“Blading away” is to “turn the back on someone.” This demonstrates dislike, disagreement and disengagement.

“Blading toward” is to “turn to face someone.” This demonstrates liking, agreement and engagement.

Think of a knife, a “blade” that is turned on an angle so as to slice more or less sharply.

The greater the angle the greater the relative nonverbal meaning.

Cue Cluster: a) Ventral fronting or blading toward can be accompanied by leaning in to increase proximity, removing objects to create a clear view and various agreement indicators such as head nodding, eye contact, and touching. b) Ventral denial can appear with slouching, lean backward, orienting the torso away, or placing objects in front of the body such as clothing or books.

Body Language Category: a) Attentive, Courtship display, Liking, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Intention movements, Orienting reflex or orienting response b) Barriers, Defensive, Dislike (nonverbal), Escape movements, Indicators of disinterest (IOD), Indicators of sexual disinterest (IOsD), Intention movements, Orienting reflex or orienting response.

Resources:

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The Hidden Meaning Behind Bedroom Eyes or Dilated Pupils

The Hidden Meaning Behind Bedroom Eyes or Dilated Pupils

BodyLanguageProjectCom - Bedroom Eyes or Dilated PupilsCue: Bedroom Eyes or Dilated Pupils.

Synonym(s): Dilated Pupils, Wide pupils, Big Pupils, Pupil Dilation.

Description: When the eyes view something arousing, the pupils dilate or widen so as to allow more light to penetrate the retina and improve vision.

In One Sentence: Eyes in which the pupils dilate demonstrate a state of arousal which can be due to negative or positive emotional stimuli.

How To Use it: Artificially lowering the lights by the use of dimmers or candle light can make the pupils dilate. This makes the eyes appear more attractive. Women who wish to make their online photos appear more alluring may artificially doctor their images by enlarging their pupils. Contact lenses with large pupils can also produce the same effect. While it is not consciously possible to dilate the pupils, avoiding bright locations can produce the impression of higher arousal and even attraction. This can produce desired effects in a dating context.

Context: a) Dating b) General.

Verbal Translation: “I am aroused by what I’m seeing and want to take it all in.”

Variant: See Beady Little Eyes.

Cue In Action: a) When she saw the man of her dreams walk into the room, her eyes became fully dilated – she had bedroom eyes for him. b) Mother’s eyes dilated as she gazed adoringly at her newborn.

Meaning and/or Motivation: In body language pupils react to arousal, be it from fear or attraction of any kind. When the eyes view something stimulating, they dilate or open so as to allow more light to penetrate making seeing easier.

Various studies show that our pupils also respond to positive stimuli by constricting when a person sees unpleasant or uninteresting stimuli. For example, pupils constrict when viewing nude images of the same sex but dilate when viewing images of the opposite sex. Viewing unpleasant images such as crippled children, war scenes, or torture, leads to the constriction of the pupils.

Increased pupil size can be an indication of any positive stimuli such as food when hungry, or when seeking companionship, other potential suitors in a room. Italian women in the 18th century would place eye drops called belladonna containing atropine to chemically induce their eyes to dilate in order to elicit attention from men.

Cue Cluster: Various other cues might arise in accompaniment with bedroom eyes such as coy smiles, head tilting and various flirty and courtship behaviour such as hair tossing. In a general context we expect to see more positive body language such as relaxed facial expressions, eye contact, arms uncrossed, body leaning in, head titled to the side and so forth.

Body Language Category: Courtship display, Arousal, Autonomic signal, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Liking.

Resources:

Adolphs, Ralph A. 2006. Landmark study finds that when we look at sad faces, the size of the pupil we look at influences the size of our own pupil Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 1(1): 3-4

Ariel, Robert and Castel, Alan. Eyes wide open: enhanced pupil dilation when selectively studying important information. Experimental Brain Research, 2014. 232(1):.337-344.

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Beatty J (1982) Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources. Psychol Bull 91:276–292

Bijleveld E, Custers R, Aarts H (2009) The unconscious eye opener: pupil size reveals strategic recruitment of resources upon presentation of subliminal reward cues. Psychol Sci 20:1313–1315

Bradley MM, Miccoli L, Escrig MA, Lang PJ (2008) The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology 45: 602–607.

Goldinger SD, Papesh MH (2012) Pupil dilation reflects the creation and retrieval of memories. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 21:90–95

Goldinger SD, Papesh MH (2012) Pupil Dilation Reflects the Creation and Retrieval of Memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science 21: 90–95.

Heaver B, Hutton SB (2011) Keeping an eye on the truth? Pupil size changes associated with recognition memory. Memory 19: 398–405.

Hamel, R. F (1974). Female subjective and pupillary reactions to nude male and female figures. Journal of Psychology. 87: 171-175.

Harrison, Neil A.; Wilson, C. Ellie; Critchley, Hugo D. 2007. Processing of observed pupil size modulates perception of sadness and predicts empathy. Emotion. 7(4): 724-729.

Hess, E. H., & Polt, J. M. (1960). Pupil size as related to the interest value of visual stimuli. Science, 132: 349-350.

Hess, E. H. 1965. Attitude and pupil size. Scientific American, 212 (4): 46–54.

Hess, E. H. 1975. The role of pupil size in communication. Scientific American. 233(5): 110–119.

Hoeks B, Levelt W (1993) Pupillary dilation as a measure of attention: A quantitative system analysis. Behav Res Methods 25:16–26.

Janisse, Michel Pierre. 1973. Pupil Size and Affect: A Critical Review of the Literature Since 1960. Canadian Psychologist Psychologie Canadienne. 14(4): 311-329.

Muresan, Raul. Pupil dilation and visual object recognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2011, Vol.5.

Otero SC, Weekes BS, Hutton SB (2011) Pupil size changes during recognition memory. Psychophysiology 48: 1346–1353.

Privitera CM, Renninger LW, Carney T, Klein S, Aguilar M (2010) Pupil dilation during visual target detection. J Vis 10(10):3.

Rieger, Gerulf ; Savin-Williams, Ritch C Kemp, Andrew H. (Editor). The Eyes Have It: Sex and Sexual Orientation Differences in Pupil Dilation Patterns (The Eyes Have It). PLoS ONE, 2012, Vol.7(8), p.e40256.

Steinhauer SR, Siegle GJ, Condray R, Pless M (2004) Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of pupillary dilation during sustained processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology 52: 77–86.

Siegle, Greg J ; Ichikawa, Naho ; Steinhauer, Stuart. Blink before and after you think: blinks occur prior to and following cognitive load indexed by pupillary responses. Psychophysiology. 2008. 45(5): 679-87.

Tombs, Selina; Silverman, Irwin 2004. Pupillometry: A sexual selection approach. Evolution and Human Behavior. 25(4): 221-228.

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Wang, Joseph Tao-yi ; Spezio, Michael ; Camerer, Colin F. Pinocchio’s Pupil: Using Eyetracking and Pupil Dilation to Understand Truth Telling and Deception in Sender-Receiver Games. American Economic Review, 2010. 100(3): 984-1007

Zellin, Martina; Pannekamp, Ann; Toepel, Ulrike; van der Meer, Elke. In the eye of the listener: Pupil dilation elucidates discourse processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2011, Vol.81(3): 133-141.

Body Language of Angular Distance or Body Alignment

Body Language of Angular Distance or Body Alignment

BodyLanguageProjectCom - Angular Distance 7Cue: Angular Distance

Synonym(s): Body Alignment

Description: The orientation in space between two people relative to one another. The angular distance measures how chairs, shoulders, or even feet, are positioned in relation to other people.

In One Sentence: Bodies orient toward things they like and away from things they dislike.

How To Use it: Use angular distance to show how interested or disinterested you are with a person. Orient your shoulders toward people you find appealing and away from those you don’t. Conversely, you may feign disinterest or interest by angling shoulders away, or toward, respectively. In more advanced body language, you may turn the shoulders away, but still face your conversation partner. This keeps them guessing and permits you to maintain a frame of control over them. Angling away in this case, keeps them guessing causing them to fight to keep your attention. This technique has proven effective in creating social value in a dating context.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: a) “I’m totally engrossed in this conversation.” b) “We’re talking right now, but we need to keep our possible exits clear in case problems arise c) “We totally disagree and we will never see eye-to-eye.”

Variant: Related to Blading Body Language, Body Angling or Ventral Displays.

Cue In Action: Mark was new at the office and started up a conversation with Julie. At first they took up a 45-degree angle toward one another, showing an informal interaction. But as common interests were discovered, they closed into a head-to-head orientation and became fully engrossed.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Body alignment deals with the degree to which people agree or disagree.

a) Generally head-to-head orientation or squared-up position (0 degrees), is reserved for intimacy or direct confrontation, so does not always signal good things. b) A 45-degree angle is used for a general open interaction between collaborators and c) Bodies angled away at 45-degrees is a signal that someone is being blocked out of a conversation to a great degree, and that they are at risk of being totally dismissed. d) back to back (180-degrees) implies that completely dismissal is occurring.

Cue Cluster: Various depending on context and arrangement.

Body Language Category: Body pointing, Blading, Like, Disliking, Escape movements, Orienting reflex or orienting response.

Resources:

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