Category: Distancing or moving away

Aggressive body language, Arrogance or arrogant body language, Distancing or moving away, Dominant body language, Escape movements, Hostile body language, Negative body language, Threat displays

Body Language of Encroaching

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Encroaching

Cue: Encroaching

Synonym(s): Space Invader, Close Talker (The), Moving In Too Close, Invading Space.

Description: When one person approaches someone else too closely and invades their personal space.

In One Sentence: Encroaching on other people’s space is a sign that a person wishes to increase intimacy or to intimidate.

How To Use it: Encroaching on others spaces can be used in order to build intimacy or to intimidate.

In a dating context, encroaching can be a way to test tolerance to space intimacy. Men can approach women and thereby test their reaction. If a woman recoils in the face of an advance, it’s a sign that she is not interested or prepared for romantic involvement. On the other hand, if she tolerates an invasion of space, the reverse is true. Women can also encroach on a man’s space to test his interest and even test him romantically.

Invading space in dating can also be done with the use of inanimate objects. Lending a jacket to a girl is a way men can move his property into her territory. Acceptance of this intrusion is a signal that interest and trust is developing.

Out of a dating context, men can use encroaching to invade the territory of other men. Usually more submissive men will tolerate the advancements of alpha or dominant men. Men can also use closeness on other men in a more fleeting way to build friendships, but rarely tolerate persistent encroachment. When men wish to bond to other men, therefore, it’s best use in handshakes, pats on the back, and when deep friendships form, hugs.

When encroaching is done to the extreme however, people usually see this as overbearing and a sign of social awkwardness.

Women can use encroachment on other women, as it tends to be more mutually accepted and a way for them to create social bonds.

Context: a) General b) Dating.

Verbal Translation: a) “I’m going to move closer to you so you feel awkward and heed to my power and dominance.” a) “Because I lack social skills I’m approaching you too closely.” b) “I’m feeling your attraction so I’m being drawn into your personal space.”

Variant: See Leaning In and Leaning Out, Becoming Loud, Touching or Increase In Touching.

Cue In Action: a) In an attempt to gain affection, Dave snuggled up to Mary. She was taken aback as she thought of him more as a friend than a lover. She leaned back awkwardly. b) The boss typically pulled people in after shaking hands with them. He was a tall man and used his height advantage to intimidate others.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Encroaching involves standing too close, standing over someone by exploiting height differences, touching when un-welcomed, and even raising voices or the volume of music to violate the privacy and comfort of others.

Encroaching is any body language that takes advantage of proxemics to violate a person’s personal space and territory and create defensive body language in others. When someone encroaches it usually indicates a power play to assert dominance and authority.

Other times it is due to inappropriate socialization, such that a person doesn’t understand the social norms and requirements of other people. People from highly populated areas typically require less personal space than those who live in sparsely populated areas. When city people and country people come together there may differences in personal space requirements causing issues. The person from the city might move in close to create connectivity forcing the country person to step backwards. The person from the city feels rejected and the person from the country feels violated.

Getting close to someone else might also spell romantic interest. When women or men wish to send a strong signal, they will approach each other and enter their respective personal space zones in effort to build intimacy.

Cue Cluster: The cue clusters by which encroachment presents itself will be related to the intent of encroachment as well as the feelings surrounding it. When encroaching, a person will lean in, their head will move forward and their toes will point and extend toward. When being encroached upon, a person will lean out, their head will move back, their toes and torsos will point away and their feet will move back. The context will decide the intent of the message, be it sexual in nature or a power play.

Body Language Category: Arrogance or arrogant body language, Aggressive body language, Distancing or moving away, Dominant body language, Escape movements, Hostile body language or hostility or anger, Negative body language, Threat displays.

Resources:

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Body size reduction, Closed body language, Defensive body language, Distancing or moving away, Escape movements, Fearful body language, Orienting reflex or orienting response, Protective reflexes, Submissive body language

Body Language of Crouching

by Chris • October 20, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Crouching

Cue: Crouching

Synonym(s): Cowering

Description: The body takes on a smaller form by bending at the knees or ducking the head.

In One Sentence: Cowering by lowering and taking on a smaller body profile indicates that one desires to submit.

How To Use it: Cower when you want to feel more protected or to ‘hide in plain sight.’ Bringing the chin down, arms in and slumping the shoulders will show others that you are not prepared to battle. More than likely, people will come to your assistance and offer you sympathy and care rather than present further attack. Cowering is best done when you feel that you can not win against another person and instead wish to manipulate their gentle side.

By reducing your profile, you are not only producing a smaller target for attack, but you are also flexing muscles which will help brace against impact. When viewed by an aggressor, cowering is a cue telling him or her than you are not a threat to their dominance and do not wish to challenge them. If read properly by an aggressor, it will lessen their verbal or physical violence.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m scared. I’m going to shrink the outline of my body in effort to escape injury or emotional threat.”

Variant: Bow and Body Bend, Body Lowering or Body Shrinking.

Cue In Action: a) A foul ball was coming straight for her so she duck her head down and bent her knees. b) The boss came in looking for trouble so the employees ducked down in their cubicles so they wouldn’t attract attention.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Crouching or cowering is a submissive body posture done to reduce confrontation. Crouching out of fear is a universal posture. When scared either due to emotional discomfort of physical fear, our bodies will shrink down to become a smaller target. Instinctively, people will pull their arms in, tuck their chins down, lower their eyes and otherwise seem to succumb to the effects of gravity.

Making the body smaller is the opposite of defying gravity through expansive movements. It is an indication of confidence and desire in the ability to challenge others.

Cue Cluster: Our heads tuck into our shoulders, our eyes wince and our face scrunches up. Heads can also drop forward to protect the neck from attack and the arms brought up over the chest to protect the heart and lungs. All sorts of crouching takes place over the body and takes on the form of contracted muscles pulling on various parts of the body and shrinking up. When bodies are un-crouched, they are relaxed and loose.

Body Language Category: Body size reduction, Closed body language, Defensive, Distancing or moving away, Escape movements, Fearful body language, Orienting reflex or orienting response, Protective reflexes, Submissive body language.

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*No Photo, Closed body language, Distancing or moving away, Escape movements, Idiosyncratic body language, Intention movements, Shy nonverbal, Social touching, Space invasion

Body Language of The Country Handshake

by Chris • October 20, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of The Country Handshake

Cue: Country Handshake

Synonym(s): N/A

Description: A handshake where people lean in, sometimes extremely, rather than move closer.

In One Sentence: The Country handshake is one where each person keeps a significant amount of space in between themselves.

How To Use it: Use the Country handshake when greeting people who are not accustomed to close proximity.

Context: Business.

Verbal Translation: “I need a lot of personal space so I’m going to plant my feet at a distance, or back up, and away from you. To make up this gap, I’ll then lean forward and extend my hand out and away from myself. Personal space is important to me.”

Variant: A variant to the country handshake is the city handshake which includes greater proximity and represents people who are require less personal space in order to feel comfortable.

Also see Country Handshake (The), Cold Dead Wet Fish Handshake, Double Gripper Politician Handshake or Double Hander (The), Short Grabber/Finger Grabber Handshake, Oddball Handshake, Palm Up, Palm Down and Palm Even Handshakes, Stiff Arm And Thrust Forward Handshake, Death Grip Handshake, Wrench Forward Handshake, Undershaker Handshake, Wrist Hold Handshake, Wrist Hold Handshake and Upper Arm Grip Handshake, Limp Fish Handshake, Teacup Handshake, Arm Twister Handshake (The), Firm handshake, Fist Bumping.

Cue In Action: The salesman was accustomed to working with city folk, but when he was put on duty to speak with farmers about their choice in fertilizer, he was met with suspicion. When greeting farmers he shrunk the distance to try to build intimacy, but he found it difficult. The farmers would always seem to be running away or turning away as if they were too busy to talk. When the farmers shook hands, they would usually extend their hands way out, if they would at all, and when he approached closely they would lean back awkwardly. After a short meeting with his boss, the salesman resorted to waves from the edge of the laneway and dropped the handshake altogether. He found that the farmers were much more receptive.

Meaning and/or Motivation: People who live in the country are accustomed to having a high amount of space around them, so shaking hands is usually a breach of their personal space. A long distance wave is preferred.

When a handshake is tolerated, country men will extend their hands away from their bodies so as to protect from encroachment. Even city people who have high needs for personal space, will maintain their territorial bubble by thrusting their hand out. During a handshake that violates personal space, a person my thrust their arm forward during the handshake in efforts to push the other person back. This shows dominance and authority coupled with a desire for much larger personal space.

The country handshake represents a greater desire for personal space and a larger personal space bubble than normal.

Cue Cluster: The country handshake will be coupled with other cues such as turning the head away, angling the torso away, moving the body back after shaking hands and less frequent eye contact.

Body Language Category: Closed body language, Distancing or moving away, Escape movements, Idiosyncratic body language, Intention movements, Space invasion, Shy nonverbal, Social touching.

Resources:

Aström, J ; Thorell, L H ; Holmlund, U ; D’Elia, G. Handshaking, personality, and psychopathology in psychiatric patients, a reliability and correlational study. Perceptual and motor skills 1993, Vol.77(3 Pt 2): 1171-86.

Beaulieu, Catherine. Intercultural Study of Personal Space: A Case Study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2004 34(4):794-805.

Argyle, M., & Dean, I. Eye contact, distance and affiliation. Sociometry, 1965, 28, 289-304.

Cook, M. Experiments on orientation and proxemics. Human Relations, 1970, 23, 61-67.

Coutts, Larrym. ; Ledden, Maribeth. Nonverbal Compensatory Reactions to Changes in Interpersonal Proximity. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1977 102(2): 283-290.

Chaplin William F.; Phillips Jeffrey B; Brown Jonathan D.; Clanton Nancy R.; Stein Jennifer L.; 2000. Handshaking, gender, personality, and first impressions Journal of personality and social psychology. 79(1): 110-117.

Dolphin, Carol Zinner. Beyond hall: Variables in the use of personal space in intercultural transactions. Howard Journal of Communications. 1988. 1(1): 23-38.

Dolcos, Sanda ; Sung, Keen ; Argo, Jennifer J ; Flor-Henry, Sophie ; Dolcos, Florin. The power of a handshake: neural correlates of evaluative judgments in observed social interactions. Journal of cognitive neuroscience. 2012 24(12): 2292-305.

Fisher, J; Rytting, M and Heslin, R. 1976. Hands touching hands: affective and evaluative effects on interpersonal touch, Sociometry 39: 416–421.

Frumin, Idan; Ofer Perl; Yaara Endevelt-Shapira; Ami Eisen; Neetai Eshel; Iris Heller; Maya Shemesh; Aharon Ravia; Lee Sela; Anat Arzi and Noam Sobel. A Social Chemosignaling Function for Human Handshaking. eLife 2015. 4:e05154
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05154.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/shake-hands-share-human-scent-curious-case-hand-sniffing-body-language/

Gueguen, Nicolas. Handshaking and Compliance With a Request – A Door-to-door Setting. Social Behavior and Personality. 2013. 41(10): 1585-1588.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/handshakes-lead-compliance-study/

Greenbaum, Paul ; Rosenfeld, Howard. Varieties of touching in greetings: Sequential structure and sex-related differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1980. 5(1): 13-25.

Graziano, Michael S.A. and Cooke, Dylan F. Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space, and defensive behavior. Neuropsychologia. 2006. 44(6): 845-859.

Gifford, Robert ; O’Connor, Brian. Nonverbal intimacy: Clarifying the role of seating distance and orientation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1986 10(4): 207-214.

Hiemstra, Kathleen M. Shake My Hand: Making the Right First Impression in Business With Nonverbal Communications.(Brief Article)(Statistical Data Included). Business Communication Quarterly. 1999. 62(4): 71.

Jeffrey D. Fisher; Marvin Rytting; Richard Heslin. 1976. Hands Touching Hands: Affective and Evaluative Effects of an Interpersonal Touch. Sociometry, 39(4): 416-421.

Lipsitz, Rebecca (2000). “A Gripping Start.” In Scientific American (September), p. 32.

Morris, Desmond (1994). Bodytalk: The Meaning of Human Gestures (New York: Crown Publishers).

Mcelroy, James C. ; Morrow, Paula C. Personal space, personal appearance, and personal selling. Psychological Reports. 1994 74(2): 425(2).

Mcgurk, Barry J. ; Davis, John D. ; Grehan, John. Assaultive behavior personality and personal space. Aggressive Behavior. 1981. 7(4): 317-324.

Newman, Robert C. ; Pollack, Donald Holzberg, Jules D. (editor). Proxemics in deviant adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1973 40(1): 6-8.

Stewart, Greg L. ; Dustin, Susan L. ; Barrick, Murray R. ; Darnold, Todd C. Zedeck, Sheldon (editor). Exploring the Handshake in Employment Interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2008. 93(5): 1139-1146.

Sanda Dolcos; Keen Sung; Jennifer J. Argo; Sophie Flor-Henry and Florin Dolcos. The Power of a Handshake: Neural Correlates of Evaluative Judgments in Observed Social Interactions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 24; 12: 2292–2305.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/handshake-open-body-language-powerful-nonverbal-effect-brain/

Scherer, S. E., & Schiff, M. R. Perceived intimacy, physical distance, and eye contact. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1973, 36, 835-841.

Sommer, R. Studies in personal space. Sociometry, 1959, 22,247-260.

Sommer, R. The distance for comfortable conversation: A further study. Sociometry, 1962, 25, 111-116.

Sommer, R. Personal space: The behavioral basis of design. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1969.

Spezialetti, Brian D. Do’s and don’ts for winning the job interview. (laboratory technicians). Medical Laboratory Observer. 1995. 27(7): 51-53.

Wesson, David A. The handshake as non-verbal communication in business. (marketing technique). Marketing Intelligence & Planning. 1992. 10(9): 61(6).

Werner, Carol ; Brown, Barbara ; Damron, Gary Steiner, Ivan D. (editor). Territorial marking in a game arcade. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981. 41(6): 1094-1104.

Barriers, Closed body language, Defensive body language, Distancing or moving away, Seating arrangements

Body Language of Competitive Head-To-Head Seating Arrangement

by Chris • October 20, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Competitive Head-To-Head Seating Arrangement

Cue: Competitive Head-To-Head Seating Arrangement

Synonym(s): Head-To-Head Sitting Position, Sitting Face-To-Face, Sitting Square, Head-On Sitting Position.

Description: A seating arrangement where people sit facing each other directly from across a table.

In One Sentence: The competitive head-to-head seating arrangement signals that one is prepared to square off in battle.

How To Use it: Use this seating arrangement when one wishes to set one apart from another. When you are sure your ideas will oppose another, then sitting on the other side of the table will help show others nonverbally that one is not in agreement. Lawyers are advised to square off in this fashion as it shows that they are against the opposite lawyer while being linked to their clients. In other words, their affiliation is nonverbally obvious.

Bosses, can set up employees in head-to-head arrangements in order to spark debate between them. This can help them come up with competing and often novel solutions to problems.

Head-to-head is common in dating, but it is a double edged sword. Since dates in the West are usually conducted as “job interviews” where one faces off against their opponent, this sitting arrangement works well. It permits the two individuals to share relevant information, answer questions, and each person is able to study the facial expressions of their counterpart. However, this produces a sterile, and, as mentioned, a combative environment. To fix this, simply move to the same side of the table.

Context: a) General b) Business.

Verbal Translation: “We generally disagree with one another and need to keep separate and face off in a competitive position, head-to-head.”

Variant: Chairs can face head-to-head across square, rectangular or circular tables, but the arrangement means the same. See other seating arrangements for variants such as Casual Corner Seating Arrangement and Cooperative Side-By-Side Seating Arrangement.

Cue In Action: a) During the preliminary divorce proceedings Jill and Dave sat across from one another coupled with their proper lawyers in the cooperative side-by-side arrangement. b) Mary always took up the opposite seat to Dave and had a habit of always undermining his opinion.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Competitive head-to-head position sets up combative situations. This closed seating positions convey formality, distance and authority, defensiveness and even divisiveness. Open orientations with chair on the same side of the table convey interest and comfort.

Even when competition isn’t directly encouraged, research finds that the closed position still becomes an issue because the table provides a clear boundary between each party.

Sitting at odds of one another might seem like a great idea during a date because it offers full view, but if true intimacy is desired, then sitting on the same side of the table is advised. When couples do this on a first date, they invite a question and answer, ‘interview style’ interaction where each party tends to face off and challenge one another instead of creating affiliation and cooperation.

Cue Cluster: Parties can either be leaning in to show aggression or leaning backward in a passive posture. Various degrees of aggressiveness might also be present such as finger pointing, loud voices, batoning or averted eyes, head lowered and quiet voice.

Body Language Category: Barriers, Seating arrangements, Closed body language, Defensive, Distancing or moving away.

Resources:

Argyle, M., & Dean, I. Eye contact, distance and affiliation. Sociometry, 1965, 28, 289-304.

Boucher, Michael L. Holzberg, Jules D. (editor). Effect of seating distance on interpersonal attraction in an interview situation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1972 38(1): 15-19.

Bania, Amanda E. ; Stromberg, Erin E. Call, Joseph (editor). The Effect of Body Orientation on Judgments of Human Visual Attention in Western Lowland Gorillas.
Journal of Comparative Psychology. 2013. 127(1): 82-90.

Belhiah, Hassan. Tutoring as an embodied activity: How speech, gaze and body orientation are coordinated to conduct ESL tutorial business. Journal of Pragmatics. 2009. 41(4): 829-841.

Cook, M. Experiments on orientation and proxemics. Human Relations, 1970, 23, 61-67.

Clack, B., Dixon, J., & Tredoux, C. (2005). Eating together apart: Patterns of segregation in a multi-ethnic cafeteria. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 15, 1-16. doi:10.1002/casp.787

Castelli, Luigi ; Carraro, Luciana ; Pavan, Giulia ; Murelli, Elisa ; Carraro, Alessia. The Power of the Unsaid: The Influence of Nonverbal Cues on Implicit Attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2012 42(6): 1376-1393.

Coutts, Larrym. ; Ledden, Maribeth. Nonverbal Compensatory Reactions to Changes in Interpersonal Proximity. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1977 102(2): 283-290.

Danielle Jackson, Erika Engstrom and Tara Emmers-Sommer. 2007. Think Leader, Think Male and Female: Sex vs. Seating Arrangement as Leadership Cues. Sex Roles. 57 (9/10): 713-723.

Felipe, N. Interpersonal distance and small group interaction. Cornell Journal of Social Relations, 1966, 1, 59-64.

Felipe, N. Connotations of seating arrangements. Cornell Journal of Social Relations, 1967, 2, 37-44.

Gifford, Robert ; O’Connor, Brian. Nonverbal intimacy: Clarifying the role of seating distance and orientation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1986 10(4): 207-214.

Greenberg, J. 1976. The role of seating position in group interaction: a review, with applications for group trainers. Group & Organization Management 1 (3): 310-327.

Kenner, Andrew N. ; Katsimaglis, George. Gender differences in proxemics: taxi-seat choice. Psychological Reports. 1993 72(2): 625(2).

Remland, Martins. ; Jones, Tricias. ; Brinkman, Heidi. Interpersonal Distance, Body Orientation, and Touch: Effects of Culture, Gender, and Age. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1995 135(3): 281-297.

Hietanen, Jari. Social attention orienting integrates visual information from head and body orientation. Psychological Research.2002 66(3): 174-179.

Howells, L. T. and S. W. Becker. 1962. Seating arrangement and leadership emergence.
The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 64(2): 148-150.

Kaminski, Juliane ; Call, Josep ; Tomasello, Michael. Body orientation and face orientation: two factors controlling apes’ begging behavior from humans
Animal Cognition. 2004. 7(4): 216-223.

Lawson, Rebecca P. ; Clifford, Colin W. G. ; Calder, Andrew J. About Turn: The Visual Representation of Human Body Orientation Revealed by Adaptation. Psychological Science. 2009. 20(3): 363(9).

Leventhal, G. 1978, Sex and setting effects on seating arrangement. Journal of Psychology. 100: 21-26.

Lott, D. F. and R. Sommer. 1967. Seating arrangements and status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 7 (1): 90-95.

Montgomery, Derek ; Moran, Christy ; Bach, Leslie. The influence of nonverbal cues associated with looking behavior on young children’s mentalistic attributions.
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1996. 20(4): 229-249.

Michelini, RL, Passalacqua, R., & Cusimano, J. 1976. Effects of seating arrangement on group participation. Journal of Social Psychology. 99: 179-186.

Mackinnon, Sean P. ; Jordan, Christian H. ; Wilson, Anne E. Birds of a feather sit together: Physical similarity predicts seating choice. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin. 2011 37(7): 879(14).

Norum, G.A., Russo, N.J., and Sommer, R. 1967. Seating patterns and group tasks. Source: Psychology in the schools. 4(3): 276-280.

Pease, Barbara and Allan Pease. 2006. The Definitive Book of Body Language Hardcover. Bantam.

Riess, M. and P. Rosenfeld. 1980. Seating preferences as nonverbal communication: a self-presentational analysis. Journal of Applied Communications Research 8(1): 22.

Robinson, Jeffrey David. Getting Down to Business Talk, Gaze, and Body Orientation During Openings of Doctor-Patient Consultations. Human Communication Research. 1998. 25(1): 97-123.

Straube, Benjamin ; Green, Antonia ; Jansen, Andreas ; Chatterjee, Anjan ; Kircher, Tilo. Social cues, mentalizing and the neural processing of speech accompanied by gestures. Neuropsychologia. 2010. 48(2): 382-393.

Stephenson, G. M. and B. K. Kniveton. 1978. Interpersonal and interparty exchange: an experimental study of the effect of seating position on the outcome of negotiations between teams representing parties in dispute. Human Relations 31(6): 555-566.

Scherer, S. E., & Schiff, M. R. Perceived intimacy, physical distance, and eye contact. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1973, 36, 835-841.

Scott, J. A. Comfort and seating distance in living rooms: The relationship of interactants and topic of conversation. Environment and Behavior, 1984, 16, 35-54.

Sommer, R. Studies in personal space. Sociometry, 1959, 22,247-260.

Sommer, R. The distance for comfortable conversation: A further study. Sociometry, 1962, 25, 111-116.

Sommer, R. Personal space: The behavioral basis of design. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1969.

Weiss, M., & Keys, C. The influence of proxemic variables on dyadic interaction between peers. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association; Chicago, 1975, August.

Anger body language, Barriers, Blading, Body pointing, Closed body language, Disengagement body language, Dislike (nonverbal), Distancing or moving away, Escape movements, Negative body language, Orienting reflex or orienting response, Protective reflexes

Body Language of The Cold Shoulder

by Chris • October 20, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of The Cold Shoulder

Cue: Cold Shoulder

Synonym(s): N/A

Description: Turning away from someone is the cold shoulder.

In One Sentence: Turning away from another person signifies that one is diverging away from them and/or their ideas.

How To Use it: Turn the cold shoulder when you want to tell others that you disagree with them. The cold shoulder can be used in relationships to show that you are not willing to follow the same path. To use the cold shoulder make sure that it is done quickly and in immediate conjunction with whatever idea sparked the disapproval.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I don’t like what you saying or doing and so I’m going to turn my body away in disgust.”

Variant: See Blading Body Language, Body Angling or Ventral Displays.

Cue In Action: When Jane found out that the other girls were invited to a sleep over and she wasn’t, she quickly turned her body away and sulked.

Meaning and/or Motivation: The cold shoulder indicates aloofness, indifference and dismissal. It creates a barrier and separation between two people. People will turn the cold shoulder when they have disagreement with others and want to block them off from communication.

Its historical origins are believed to be a reference to the serving of an inferior cut of meat to undesirable guests. The cold shoulder of mutton versus more fanciful meal of roast and fixings.

Cue Cluster: The cold shoulder can be amplified with a downturned mouth, a quick glance with a look of disdain and create feelings of scorn and derision.

Body Language Category: Anger, Barriers, Body pointing, Blading, Closed body language, Disengagement, Dislike (nonverbal), Distancing or moving away, Escape movements, Negative body language, Orienting reflex or orienting response, Protective reflexes.

Resources:

Allison, T., Puce, A., & McCarthy, G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Neurosciences, 4, 267–278.

Broth, Mathias and Lorenza Mondada. Walking Away: The Embodied Achievement of Activity Closings in Mobile Interaction. Journal of Pragmatics. 2013. 47: 41-58.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/nonverbally-negotiate-conversation-walking-away/

Belhiah, Hassan. Tutoring as an embodied activity: How speech, gaze and body orientation are coordinated to conduct ESL tutorial business. Journal of Pragmatics. 2009. 41(4): 829-841.

Baxter, James C., and Richard M. Rozelle (1975). “Nonverbal Expression as a Function of Crowding During a Simulated Police-Citizen Encounter.” In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 32, No. 1), pp. 40-54.

Cook, Mark. 1970. Experiments on orientation and proxemics. Human Relations 23 (1): 61-76.

Cooper, Ella A.; John Garlick; Eric Featherstone; Valerie Voon; Tania Singer; Hugo D. Critchley and Neil A. Harrison. You Turn Me Cold: Evidence for Temperature Contagion. PLoS ONE 9(12): e116126. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116126. http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/mirror-cold-nonverbals-influence-real-body-temperate-others/

Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Crawford, L. E., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., Kowalewski, R. B., et al. (2002). Loneliness and health: Potential mechanisms. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2002; 64: 407-417.

Chance RMA (1962) An interpretation of some agonistic postures: the role of “cut-off” acts and postures. Symp Zool Soc Lond 8: 71–89.

Eerland, Anita; Tulio M. Guadalupe; Ingmar H. A. Franken and Rolf A. Zwaan. Posture as Index for Approach-Avoidance Behavior. PLOS one. February 2012. 7(2): e31291.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/approach-versus-avoidance-posture-in-nonverbal-body-language/

Fransson, A., Karlsson, H., & Nilsson, K. Temperature Variation In Newborn
Babies: Importance Of Physical Contact With The Mother. Archives of Disease in
Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2005; 90: 500-504.

Friesen, C.K., & Kingstone, A. (1998). The eyes have it: Reflexive orienting is triggered by nonpredictive gaze. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 490–493.

George, N., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001). Seen gaze-direction modulates fusiform activity and its coupling with other brain areas during face processing. Neuroimage, 13, 1102–1112.

Goodboy, Alan, K. and Maria Brann. Flirtation Rejection Strategies: Towards an Understanding of Communicative Disinterest in Flirting. The Quantitative Report. 2010. 15(2): 268-278.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/how-to-reject-flirting-using-nonverbal-and-verbal-tactics

Hall, Jeffrey A. and Chong Xing. The Verbal and Nonverbal Correlates of the Five Flirting Styles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2015. 39:41–68. DOI 10.1007/s10919-014-0199-8
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/first-12-minutes-flirting-using-nonverbal-communication-study-reveals-26-body-language-cues-attraction/

Hall, Edward T. (1963). “A System for the Notation of Proxemic Behavior.” In American Anthropologist (Vol. 65), pp. 1003-26.

Hietanen, Jari. Social attention orienting integrates visual information from head and body orientation. Psychological Research.2002 66(3): 174-179.

Hietanen, J. K. (1999). Does your gaze direction and head orientation shift my visual attention? Neuroreport, 10, 3443–3447.

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Harrigan J. and Rosenthal R. Physicians’ head and body positions as determinants of perceived rapport. J. appl. Sot. Psychol. 13, 496, 1983.

IJzerman, Hans; Marcello Gallucci; Wim T.J.L. Pouw; Sophia C. Weigerber; Niels J. Van Doesum and Kipling D. Williams. Cold-Blooded Loneliness: Social Exclusion Leads To Lower Skin Temperatures. Acta Psychologica. 2012. 140:283-288.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/body-temperature-actually-drops-during-social-exclusion/

Jenkins, R., Beaver, J.D., & Calder, A.J. (2006). I thought you were looking at me: Direction-specific aftereffects in gaze perception. Psychological Science, 17, 506–513.

Jenkins, R., Keane, J., & Calder, A.J. (2007, August). From your eyes only: Gaze adaptation from averted eyes and averted heads. Paper presented at the Thirtieth European Conference on Visual Perception, Arezzo, Italy.

Kaminski, Juliane ; Call, Josep ; Tomasello, Michael. Body orientation and face orientation: two factors controlling apes’ begging behavior from humans
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Kawashima, R., Sugiura, M., Kato, T., Nakamura, A., Hatano, K., Ito, K., Fukuda, H., Kojima, S., & Nakamura, K. (1999). The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring: A PET study. Brain, 122, 779–783.

Kaminski, Juliane ; Call, Josep ; Tomasello, Michael. Body orientation and face orientation: two factors controlling apes’ begging behavior from humans. Animal Cognition. 2004. 7(4): 216-223.

Langton, S.R.H. (2000). The mutual influence of gaze and head orientation in the analysis of social attention direction. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 53, 825–845.

Langton, S. R. H., & Bruce, V. (1999). Reflexive visual orienting in response to the social attention of others. Visual Cognition, 6, 541–567.

Langton, S. R. H., & Bruce, V. (2000). You must see the point: Automatic processing of cues to the direction of social attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 747–757.

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McBride, Glen, M. G. King, and J. W. James (1965). “Social Proximity Effects on GSR in Adult Humans.” In Journal of Psychology (Vol. 61), pp. 153-57.

Navarro, Joe. 2008. What Every BODY is Saying: An Ex-FBI Agent’s Guide to Speed-Reading People. William Morrow Paperbacks.

Puce, Allison, T and McCarthy, G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Neurosciences, 4, 267–278.

Robinson, Jeffrey David. Getting Down to Business Talk, Gaze, and Body Orientation During Openings of Doctor-Patient Consultations. Human Communication Research. 1998. 25(1): 97-123.

Stern, Daniel and Estelle Bender (1974). “An Ethological Study of Children Approaching a Strange Adult.” In Richard Friedman et al. (Eds.), Sex Differences in Behavior (New York: John Wiley and Sons), pp. 233-58.

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Zhong, Chen-Bo and Geoffrey J. Leonardelli. Cold and Lonely Does Social Exclusion Literally Feel Cold? Association for Psychological Science. 2008. 19(9): 838-842.
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Zeinstra, Gertrude G.; M.A. Koelen; D. Colindres ; F.J. Kok; C de Graaf. Facial Expressions in School-Aged Children are a Good Indicator of ‘Dislikes’, but not of ‘Likes.’ Food Quality and Preference. 2009. 20: 620-624.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/read-kids-dislike-food-facial-expressions-accurate-detecting-dislike-not-like-children/

Body pointing, Distancing or moving away, Escape movements, Indicators of disinterest (IOD), Orienting reflex or orienting response, Ready posture

The Body Language of The Buttress Stance or Foot Forward Leg Stance

by Chris • October 18, 2014 • 0 Comments

The Body Language of The Buttress Stance or Foot Forward Leg Stance

Cue: Buttress Stance

Synonym(s): Pointing Feet, Foot Forward Leg Stance.

Description: A buttress is an architectural feature of buildings designed to support or reinforce a wall. The buttress stance is a standing posture where the leg bearing the body’s weight is straight, while the other leg is extended forward and outward away from the body. The extended leg can either be bent at the knee or straight.

In One Sentence: The buttress stance is a ready stance that indicates one is emotionally sturdy and also prepared for action.

How To Use it: Use the buttress stance to show others that you are in control of your body, but also that you are prepared to leave at any time. The cue find use in any context, but is valued with extroverted friends and when facing a high energy boss. The posture will work to show that you should be taken seriously and also that communication should be expedient because you have things to do and places to be.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m getting ready to go in the direction my feet are pointed.”

Variant: Ventral orientation can also depict the desire to leave, as does leaning away, and body rocking (shifting the weight from one foot to the other). See Rocking The Body, Blading Body Language, Body Angling or Ventral Displays.

Cue In Action: When the topic got headed, James aimed his extended foot to the door and readied himself to vacate.

Meaning and/or Motivation: It indicates a readiness to depart as the legs orient toward an exit and the legs take on a preliminary walking stance. People seen in the buttress stance are sending a clear message that they wish to leave.

Cue Cluster: Used in accompaniment with eye aversion, head lowered, reduced gestures, and body angled away.

Body Language Category: Body pointing, Distancing or moving away, Escape movements, Indicators of disinterest (IOD), Orienting reflex or orienting response, Ready language.

Resources:

Argyle, M., & Dean, I. Eye contact, distance and affiliation. Sociometry, 1965, 28, 289-304.

Astrom, Jan. Introductory greeting behavior: a laboratory investigation of approaching and closing salutation phases. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1994. 79(2): 863(35).

Bania, Amanda E. ; Stromberg, Erin E. Call, Joseph (editor). The Effect of Body Orientation on Judgments of Human Visual Attention in Western Lowland Gorillas. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 2013. 127(1): 82-90.

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