Category: Childlike playfulness

*No Photo, Amplifier, Childlike playfulness, Courtship display, Eye Language, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI), Intention movements, Liking, Tie signals

Body Language of Sideways Glance Over Raised Shoulder

by Chris • October 28, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Sideways Glance Over Raised Shoulder

Cue: Sideways Glance Over Raised Shoulder.

Synonym(s): Looking Over Raised Shoulder.

Description: a) A woman will turn her back slightly facing the object of her interest, raise her shoulder, and gaze adoringly over it with eyes cast upward. The cue is made more salient in a strapless dress. b) Sometimes referred to as “Stealing A Look” but in this case, the shoulder is not raised, the look is quick so as to avoid detection, and the head is not lowered and eyes not cast upward.

In One Sentence: Looking over a raised shoulder is a flirty gesture.

How To Use it: Women can create sexual interest by peering over a raised shoulder. The cue is more potent when done over a nude shoulder such as a strapless dress. To compound the cue, couple it with slightly raised eyes that briefly make eye contact as well as a coy smile. If the desired results are not achieved, simply repeat the cue.

Context: a) Dating b) General.

Verbal Translation: a) “I’m looking over my raised shoulder to tease and flirt by showing off my curvy shoulder and making you do a bit of chasing to secure my full one-on-one attention.” b) “I’m glancing quickly over my shoulder to steal a look without being noticed.”

Variant: See Room Encompassing Glance (the), Looking Askance.

Cue In Action: a) She knew all the right buttons to push to get his attention. She removed her light overcoat, raised her shoulder, turned in his direction, smiled coyly, batted her eyelashes, before lowering her head and turning back for a sip of her drink. He was sent into fits. He knew it was an invitation to approach.

b) He kept glancing quickly over his shoulder at the angry girl. When she looked up, he quickly snapped his head back and continued the conversation with his buddy. He didn’t like her and certainly didn’t want her to know that he had noticed she was there, lest she come over and confront him.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Women do this flirty gesture as they gaze at men of interest. Instead of squaring themselves off and looking straight into his eyes, her body faces away and she looks over the shoulder which seductively teases him. This posture emphasizes the curviness of the shoulder and exposes the vulnerable neck. It is particularly alluring when done by women wearing a strapless outfit!

The power of the cue relies on its ability to tease through mystery. A bit of hide-and-seek mixed in with sexual curves of the shoulder as well as easy eyes cast upward showing submission. The entire cue, when done properly, is both seductive and coy.

In a general context, the sideways glance is done to steal a look without being caught. This might indicate that a person is trying to remain secretive, is talking behind another person’s back, or doesn’t want the other person to notice them. Stealing a look can also mean that sexual interest exists but that a person wishes to be covert.

Cue Cluster: a) Watch for eyes and head lowered or quick eye contact, wrist and palm exposure and flirty smile. b) Watch for darting eyes that don’t want to be caught looking. The shoulders will remain lowered, there will be no gazing or smiling.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Courtship display, Childlike playfulness, Eye Language, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Intention movements, Liking, Tie signals.

Resources:

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*No Photo, Amplifier, Childlike playfulness, Confident body language, Enthusiasm (nonverbal), Excited body language, Gravity defying body language, Happiness body language, High confidence body language, Up nonverbals

Body Language of the Prance Gait

by Chris • October 27, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of the Prance Gait

Cue: Prance Gait (the).

Synonym(s): Prancing, Walking On Air, Walking With A Bounce In The Step, Bound In The Gait.

Description: A playful gait which is peppered with unnecessary leaps and bounces.

In One Sentence: The prance gait signals a high degree of femininity due to happiness and health.

How To Use it: Children can use the prance for best effect to show their good spirits. Women are also permitted by our culture to prance and when men prance, they can use it for comedic effect.

A more muted prance can work in both woman and men, however, and is useful in showing others your good health and good spirits. Rather than an exaggerated prance, a mute prance is simply a youthful gait which produces a slight leap in the steps as if floating on air.

Use the prance in any context in which health and virility will be seen as a positive trait. In dating, a bound in the step will show your partner that you have good character and good genetics. This is especially useful to women whom can show off their youth, and hence fertility, with a bound in their step.

Context: a) General b) Dating.

Verbal Translation: “I’m so happy and healthy and want everyone to notice. When I walk, I like to expend more energy than is practical or necessary.”

Variant: A woman may use the parade style of walking which exaggerates the motion of the hips, forcing them to cant from side-to-side. A playful prance intermixed with a parade style of walking shows a person in good spirit who has good childbearing hips. See Gait or Walking Styles.

Cue In Action: a) The girls and boys happily pranced around the playground while the parents ambled after them – barely keeping up. a) He just won the lottery and you could tell. His head was held high, it was as if he was walking on the clouds with a confident stride, buoyant, and youthful. b) Her youth was apparent. When she walked, she had a noticeable bound in her step indicating her health, vigor and good spirit. She advertised her sexuality with her prance.

Meaning and/or Motivation: The prance indicates good spirit and confidence usually associated with youth and thus health.

A bound in the gait indicates a persons ability and desire to fight the effects of gravity. When people win, they celebrate by thrusting their arms up in the air to draw attention to themselves. The same is true about our gait. It is often found in adults who feel that they have control over their lives and those who have enjoyed successes.

Conversely, those who lack confidence or who are depressed will hang their shoulders and saunter about instead. The prance is a type of gait that advertises to the world that a person is happy and content is worthy of our association.

The prancing gait also indicates the virility of a person when carried by those of sexual maturity. Prancing is a sign that they make a good sexual partner partially due to their optimism and good spirit, but also their youthfulness and health. This makes the prance a strong indicator of physical and mental fitness.

Cue Cluster: Watch for head held high with chin up, smiling face and a smooth stride with straight back.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Confident body language, Childlike playfulness, Enthusiasm (nonverbal), Excited body language, Gravity defying body language, Happiness, High confidence body language, Up nonverbals.

Resources:

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Gross, M Melissa ; Crane, Elizabeth A ; Fredrickson, Barbara L. Effort-Shape and kinematic assessment of bodily expression of emotion during gait. Human movement science. 2012. 31(1): 202-21.

Hasegawa, T. and K. Sakaguchi. 2006. Person perception through gait information and target choice for sexual advances: comparison of likely targets in experiments and real life. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 30(2): 63-85.

Johnson, Kerri L.; Gill, Simone; Reichman, Victoria and Tassinary, Louis G. Swagger, Sway, and Sexuality: Judging Sexual Orientation from Body Motion and Morphology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007. 93(3): 321-334. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.321
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/heterosexual-vs-homosexual-swagger-can-you-spot-the-difference/

Janssen, Daniel ; Schöllhorn, Wolfgang ; Lubienetzki, Jessica ; Fölling, Karina ; Kokenge, Henrike ; Davids, Keith. Recognition of Emotions in Gait Patterns by Means of Artificial Neural Nets. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2008. 32(2): 79-92.

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Miller, G., Tybur, J. M., & Jordan, B. D. Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earning by lap dancers: Economic evidence for human estrus. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2007. 28: 375-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.06.002.

Michalak, J., Rohde, K., Troje, N. F. How We Walk Affects What We Remember: Gait Modifications Through Biofeedback Change Negative Affective Memory Bias. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2015. 46:121-125.
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Moore, M. M. and D. L. Butler. 1989. Predictive aspects of nonverbal courtship behavior in women. Semiotica 76(3/4): 205-215.

Moore, M. M. 2001. Flirting. In C. G. Waugh (Ed.) Let’s talk: A cognitive skills approach to interpersonal communication. Newark, Kendall-Hunt.

Moore, M. M. 1985. Nonverbal courtship patterns in women: context and consequences. Ethology and Sociobiology 64: 237-247.

Montepare, Joann ; Zebrowitz, Leslie. A cross-cultural comparison of impressions created by age-related variations in gait. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1993. 17(1): 55-68.

Montepare, Joann ; Goldstein, Sabra ; Clausen, Annmarie. The identification of emotions from gait information. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1987. 11(1): 33-42.

Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz-McArthur, L. (1988). Impressions of people created by age-related qualities of their gaits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(4), 547–556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ 0022-3514.55.4.547.

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Sawada, M., Suda, K., & Ishii, M. (2003b). Relationship between leg movement quality and emotional expression in dance. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the International Association for Dance Medicine & Science, London, England.

Sakaguchi, Kikue and Toshikazu Hasegawa. Person Perception Through Gait Information And Target Choice For Sexual Advances: Comparison Of Likely Targets In Experiments And Real Life. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2006; 30:63-85. DOI 10.1007/s10919-006-0006-2
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Schneider, Sabrina ; Christensen, Andrea ; Hau[sz]inger, Florian B. ; Fallgatter, Andreas J. ; Giese, Martin A. ; Ehlis, Ann – Christine. Show me how you walk and I tell you how you feel — A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study on emotion perception based on human gait. Neuroimage. 2014. 85: 380(11).

Thoresen, John C.; Quoc C. Vuong and Anthony P. Atkinson. First Impressions: Gait Cues Drive Reliable Trait Judgements. Cognition. 2012. 261–271 Thoresen, John C.; Quoc C. Vuong and Anthony P. Atkinson. First Impressions: Gait Cues Drive Reliable Trait Judgements. Cognition. 2012. 261–271
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/walk-drives-first-impressions/

van der Zwan, Rick and Natasha Herbert. “I Like The Way You Move”: How Hormonal Changes Across The Menstrual Cycle Affect Female Perceptions of Gait. Research Notes. 2012; 5: 453.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/women-at-peak-fertility-rate-other-female-walkers-less-favorably/

Van Meel J, Verburgh H, de Meijer M (1993) Children’s interpretation of dance
expressions. Empirical Studies of the Arts 11: 117–133. doi: 10.2190/V69NVB0T-
A9Q3-TJ04.

Van Dyck, Edith ; Vansteenkiste, Pieter ; Lenoir, Matthieu ; Lesaffre, Micheline ; Leman, Marc Canal-bruland, Rouwen. Recognizing Induced Emotions of Happiness and Sadness from Dance Movement. PLoS ONE. 2014 9(2): e89773.

Van Dyck E, Maes P-J, Hargreaves J, Lesaffre M, Leman M (2013). Expressing induced emotions through free dance movement. J Nonverbal Behav 37: 175–190. doi: 10.1007/s10919-013-0153-1.

Childlike playfulness, Courtship display, Eye Language, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI)

Body Language of the Peek-A-Boo Game

by Chris • October 27, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of the Peek-A-Boo Game

Cue: Peek-A-Boo Game (the)

Synonym(s): Hide and Seek, Eye Hiding.

Description: a) An adult game found in dating and romance where eyes are hidden from view with objects such as menus, drinking glasses, and even other people only to amuse and delight with their reappearance. b) A game played between baby and parents or amongst kids.

In One Sentence: Peek-a-boo is fun game that helps bond people together.

How To Use it: Parents and children play the peek-a-boo game most readily by hiding from sight only to suddenly reappear. The temporary absence creates sadness, and upon reappearance, that turns to excitement, surprise, and therefore relief.

Adult lovers can also play this game to good effect. However, this is best done with the help of props such as menus, the hands, moving around pillars or around the corner (in a bar or restaurant). When done correctly, the game appears childlike, but can create real romance and attraction.

Context: a) Dating b) General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m playing coy with you by hiding my eyes from view and teasing you with their resurgence.”

Variant: See the myriad of language possible with the eyes under Eye Language (Category).

Cue In Action: a) The girl played coy with the boys. Often dropping out of sight only to return to view, smile meekly, and giggle. b) Mom and Dad took turns playing peek-a-boo with their 10 month old. He seemed thrilled when Mom peeked over the cloth. Baby would giggle hysterically.

Meaning and/or Motivation: In adults it is often sexual in nature primarily due to it’s throwback to childlike playfulness which is common in courtship. It is the absence of the eyes is made better with their resurgence.

a) Using barriers for negative reasons, such as to hide, are most common in nonverbal communication, but in the peek-a-boo game played by men and women, objects can be used to tease and arouse during courtship.

This is the case with “eye hiding”, which happens when a drinking glass, menu, or even people moving about a room temporarily put out of vision our object of affection. It can also happen by slightly turning away, or lowering the eyes coyly. Dropping the eyes out of sight or looking over the shoulder when done by women is particularly seductive. The loss of sight sends us into spells of worry, but when they suddenly reappear it sends our hearts racing with relief.

b) Small babies especially enjoy this game, sending them into giggle fits, and adults play along happily. When adults play the game with each other, it is only slightly more sophisticated.

Cue Cluster: a) Watch for other nonverbal cues such as smiling, laughing, touching, moving in closer, chasing, teasing, flirty eye contact, doe eyes, intimate gazing and so forth. b) You will see giggling and laughing, excitement and blushing.

Body Language Category: Courtship display, Childlike playfulness, Eye Language, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI).

Resources:

Argyle, M., & Cook, M. (1976). Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Aron, Arthur Reward, Motivation, and Emotion Systems Associated With Early-Stage Intense Romantic Love. Journal of neurophysiology 94.1 327-337.

Bateson, P. (2014). Play, Playfulness, Creativity and Innovation. Animal Behavior and Cognition. 2014. 1(2): 99-112. doi: 10.12966/abc05.02.2014

Bolmont, Mylene ; Cacioppo, John T ; Cacioppo, Stephanie. Love Is in the Gaze
Psychological Science. 2014. 25(9): 1748-1756.

Böckler, A., van der Wel, R. P. R. D., & Welsh, T. N. (2014). Catching eyes: Effects of social and nonsocial cues on attention capture. Psychological Science, 25, 720–727.
doi:10.1177/0956797613516147

Fisher, H. E. (1998). Lust, attraction, and attachment in mammalian reproduction. Human Nature, 9, 23–52.

Givens, David B. (1979). “Childlike Behavior in Courtship.” In Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality (April), p. 107.

Jones, B. C., Main, J. C., DeBruine, L. M., Little, A. C., & Welling, L. L. M. (2010). Reading the look of love: Sexually dysmorphic cues in opposite-sex faces influence gaze categorization. Psychological Science, 21, 796–798. doi:10.1177/0956797610370756

Kellerman, J., Lewis, J., & Laird, J. D. (1989). Looking and loving: The effects of mutual gaze on feelings of romantic love. Journal of Research in Personality, 23, 145–161.

Lloyd-Elliott, Martin. 1994. Secretes of Sexual Body Language. Ulysses Press.

Moore, M. M. 2001. Flirting. In C. G. Waugh (Ed.) Let’s talk: A cognitive skills approach to interpersonal communication. Newark, Kendall-Hunt.

Moore, M. M. 1985. Nonverbal courtship patterns in women: context and consequences. Ethology and Sociobiology 64: 237-247.

Moore, M. M. and D. L. Butler. 1989. Predictive aspects of nonverbal courtship behavior in women. Semiotica 76(3/4): 205-215.

Moore, M. M. 1985. Nonverbal courtship patterns in women: context and consequences. Ethology and Sociobiology 64: 237-247.

Macrae, C. N., Hood, B. M., Milne, A. B., Rowe, A. C., & Mason, M. F. (2002). Are you looking at me? Eye gaze and person perception. Psychological Science, 13, 460–464.

Mason, M. F., Tatkow, E. P., & Macrae, C. N. (2005). The look of love: Gaze shifts and person perception. Psychological Science, 16, 236–239. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00809.x.

Palermo, R., & Rhodes, G. (2007). Are you always on my mind? A review of how face perception and attention interact. Neuropsychologia, 45, 75–92.

Rupp, H. A., & Wallen, K. (2007). Sex differences in viewing sexual stimuli: An eye-tracking study in men and women. Hormones and Behavior, 51, 524–533.

Roberson, Debi ; Kikutani, Mariko ; Doge, Paula ; Whitaker, Lydia ; Majid, Asifa. Shades of Emotion: What the Addition of Sunglasses or Masks to Faces Reveals about the Development of Facial Expression Processing. Cognition. 2012. 125(2): 195-206.

*No Photo, Childlike playfulness, Comfort body language, Friendship touching or friendly touching, Open body language, Rapport or rapport building, Social touching

Body Language of The Oddball Handshake

by Chris • October 27, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of The Oddball Handshake

Cue: Oddball Handshake (The).

Synonym(s): Secrete Handshakes.

Description: Handshake that often include bumps, slaps, flicks and clicks.

In One Sentence: The oddball handshake symbolizes camaraderie and friendship.

How To Use it: Create your own unique handshake to create a strong individual bond with another person whom you share common interests. Players in sports such as baseball can benefit by creating their own handshake to bolster team spirit. Close members of cliques can also benefit since it is a shared greeting that is only known to the members involved.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “Let’s do a weird and unique handshake together so we can build camaraderie and friendship.”

Variant: See Country Handshake (The), Cold Dead Wet Fish Handshake, Double Gripper Politician Handshake or Double Hander (The), Short Grabber/Finger Grabber Handshake, Oddball Handshake, Palm Up, Palm Down and Palm Even Handshakes, Stiff Arm And Thrust Forward Handshake, Death Grip Handshake, Wrench Forward Handshake, Undershaker Handshake, Wrist Hold Handshake, Wrist Hold Handshake and Upper Arm Grip Handshake, Limp Fish Handshake, Teacup Handshake, Arm Twister Handshake (The), Firm handshake, Fist Bumping.

Cue In Action: The baseball player returned to the dugout and did a unique handshake for each player he met on his way back.

Meaning and/or Motivation: This is the sort of handshake your teenage son or daughter comes home with in effort to confusing the heck out of you! It’s the handshake that has you saying “You do what with what, then what?!?” It often includes bumps, slaps, flicks and clicks.

This handshake is fine amongst casual friends but please avoid this on a job interview or with other employees. It does however show a relaxed atmosphere and has its place between friends.

Cue Cluster: The body language surrounding the oddball handshake includes open body language that lacks tension, palms up, loose torsos and relaxed, smiling faces.

Body Language Category: Comfort body language, Childlike playfulness, Friendship touching or friendly touching, Open body language, Rapport or rapport building, Social touching.

Resources:

Aström, J ; Thorell, L H ; Holmlund, U ; D’Elia, G. Handshaking, personality, and psychopathology in psychiatric patients, a reliability and correlational study. Perceptual and motor skills 1993, Vol.77(3 Pt 2): 1171-86.

Chaplin William F.; Phillips Jeffrey B; Brown Jonathan D.; Clanton Nancy R.; Stein Jennifer L.; 2000. Handshaking, gender, personality, and first impressions Journal of personality and social psychology. 79(1): 110-117.

Dolcos, Sanda ; Sung, Keen ; Argo, Jennifer J ; Flor-Henry, Sophie ; Dolcos, Florin. The power of a handshake: neural correlates of evaluative judgments in observed social interactions. Journal of cognitive neuroscience. 2012 24(12): 2292-305.

Fisher, J; Rytting, M and Heslin, R. 1976. Hands touching hands: affective and evaluative effects on interpersonal touch, Sociometry 39: 416–421.

Frumin, Idan; Ofer Perl; Yaara Endevelt-Shapira; Ami Eisen; Neetai Eshel; Iris Heller; Maya Shemesh; Aharon Ravia; Lee Sela; Anat Arzi and Noam Sobel. A Social Chemosignaling Function for Human Handshaking. eLife 2015. 4:e05154
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05154.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/shake-hands-share-human-scent-curious-case-hand-sniffing-body-language/

Greenbaum, Paul ; Rosenfeld, Howard. Varieties of touching in greetings: Sequential structure and sex-related differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1980. 5(1): 13-25.

Gueguen, Nicolas. Handshaking and Compliance With a Request – A Door-to-door Setting. Social Behavior and Personality. 2013. 41(10): 1585-1588.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/handshakes-lead-compliance-study/

Ghareeb, P.A. ; Bourlai, T. ; Dutton, W. ; McClellan, W.T. Reducing pathogen transmission in a hospital setting. Handshake verses fist bump: a pilot study. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2013. 85(4): 321-323.

Hiemstra, Kathleen M. Shake My Hand: Making the Right First Impression in Business With Nonverbal Communications.(Brief Article)(Statistical Data Included). Business Communication Quarterly. 1999. 62(4): 71.

Jeffrey D. Fisher; Marvin Rytting; Richard Heslin. 1976. Hands Touching Hands: Affective and Evaluative Effects of an Interpersonal Touch. Sociometry, 39(4): 416-421.

Lipsitz, Rebecca (2000). “A Gripping Start.” In Scientific American (September), p. 32.

Morris, Desmond (1994). Bodytalk: The Meaning of Human Gestures (New York: Crown Publishers).

Stewart, Greg L. ; Dustin, Susan L. ; Barrick, Murray R. ; Darnold, Todd C. Zedeck, Sheldon (editor). Exploring the Handshake in Employment Interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2008. 93(5): 1139-1146.

Spezialetti, Brian D. Do’s and don’ts for winning the job interview. (laboratory technicians). Medical Laboratory Observer. 1995. 27(7): 51-53.

Sanda Dolcos; Keen Sung; Jennifer J. Argo; Sophie Flor-Henry and Florin Dolcos. The Power of a Handshake: Neural Correlates of Evaluative Judgments in Observed Social Interactions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 24; 12: 2292–2305.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/handshake-open-body-language-powerful-nonverbal-effect-brain/

Wesson, David A. The handshake as non-verbal communication in business. (marketing technique). Marketing Intelligence & Planning. 1992. 10(9): 61(6).

*No Photo, Childlike playfulness, Power play, Rapport or rapport building

Body Language of Jaw Drop Smile

by Chris • October 23, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Jaw Drop Smile

Cue: Jaw Drop Smile.

Synonym(s): Drop-Jaw Smile.

Description: When the jaw seems to unhinge and drop from the upper jaw as if surprised.

In One Sentence: The jaw drop smile indicates playful surprise.

How To Use it: The jaw drop smile should be used to create a playful atmosphere. This can help calm the mood when too much tension exists therefore has applications in many context. The smile will create positive feelings in other people.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m laughing, or sort of laughing because my jaw is dropping and I hope you will see me in a positive light and see me as playful.”

Variant: See Smiling, Fear Smile, Friendly Smile, Frown (the) or Downturned Smile, Honest Smile or Duchenne Smile, Jaw Drop Smile, Nervous Smile, Polite Smile (the), Uneven Smile Or Lopsided Smile, Upper Lip Smile, Artificial Smile or Fake Smile, Nervous Smile, Honest Smile or Duchenne Smile, Contempt Facial Expression.

Cue In Action: George Clooney dropped his jaw and smiled at the camera evoking a playful response in the media reporter.

Meaning and/or Motivation: It is commonly seen in politicians and celebrities. It serves to imitate laughter. It is used to seem playful and unthreatening and is used to elicit a laugh and hence happiness response in others. It has roots in submission and appeasement.

Cue Cluster: The jaw drop smile can be accompanied by palms up “offering,” playful touching, actual laughing and smiling eyes.

Body Language Category: Childlike playfulness, Power play, Rapport or rapport building.

Resources:

Abel, Ernest L. and Michael L. Kruger. Smile Intensity in Photographs Predicts Longevity. Psychological Science. 2010. 21(4): 542-544.
Seder, J. Patrick and Shigehiro Oishi. Intensity of Smiling in Facebook Photos Predicts Future Life Satisfaction. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 2012. 3(4): 407-413.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/facebook-smile-predicts-life-satisfaction/

Fairbairn, Catharine E.; Michael A. Sayette; Odd O. Aalen and Arnoldo Frigessi. Alcohol and Emotional Contagion: An Examination of the Spreading of Smiles in Male and Female Drinking Groups. Clinical Psychological Science. 2014. DOI: 2167702614548892
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/alcohol-social-lubricant-male-smiles/

Guéguen, Nicolas. Weather and Smiling Contagion: A Quasi Experiment With the Smiling Sunshine. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2013. 37:51–55. DOI 10.1007/s10919-012-0140-y
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/weather-smile-not-contagion-smile-linked-weather-conditions/

Gosselin, Pierre; Reem Maassarani; Alastair Younger and Mélanie Perron. Children’s Deliberate Control of Facial Action Units Involved in Sad and Happy Expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour. 2011. 35:225–242. DOI 10.1007/s10919-011-0110-9.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/childrens-control-facial-actions-improve-age-create-accurate-emotional-expressions/

Gunnery, Sarah D.; Judith A. Hall and Mollie A. Ruben. The Deliberate Duchenne Smile: Individual Differences in Expressive Control. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2013. 37:29–41. DOI 10.1007/s10919-012-0139-4
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/can-probably-fake-honest-smile-deliberate-duchenne-smile/

Guéguen, Nicolas. The Effect Of A Woman’s Smile On Men’s Courtship Behavior. Social Behavior and Personality. 2008. 36(9): 1233-1236.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/how-women-can-use-a-simple-smile-to-attract-men/

Guéguen, Nicolas, and Fischer-Lokou, J. (2004). Hitchhiker’s Smiles And Receipt Of Help. Psychological Reports. 94: 756-760.

Hertenstein, Matthew J.; Carrie A. Hansel; Alissa M. Butts and Sarah N. Hile. Smile Intensity In Photographs Predicts Divorce Later In Life. Motiv Emot. 2009; 33:99-105
DOI 10.1007/s11031-009-9124-6
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/small-smiles-predicts-divorce/

Krause, Michael W. and Teh-Way David Chen. A Winning Smile? Smile Intensity, Physical Dominance, and Fighter Performance. Emotion. 2013. 13 (2): 270–279. DOI: 10.1037/a0030745
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/smile-lose-smile-intensity-predicts-fighting-ability

Krumhuber, Eva G.; Manstead and Antony S. R. Can Duchenne smiles be feigned? New evidence on felt and false smiles. Emotion. 2009. 9 (6): 807-820.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/can-fake-real-smile-practice/

Krumhuber, Eva; Antony S. R.; Manstead; and Arvid Kappas. Temporal Aspects of Facial Displays in Person and Expression Perception: The Effects of Smile Dynamics, Head-tilt, and Gender. Journal Nonverbal Behavior. 2007; 31: 39-56.
DOI 10.1007/s10919-006-0019-x
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/head-tilt-and-slow-onset-smile-nonverbals-trust-attraction-dominance-and-flirting-a-brief-report/

Labroo, Aparna A.; Anirban Mukhopadhyay; Ping Dong. Not Always the Best Medicine: Why Frequent Smiling Can Reduce Wellbeing. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2014. 53:156-162.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/why-too-much-smiling-can-be-bad-for-you/

Lockard, J. S., McVittie, R. I., & Isaac, L. M. (1977). Functional Significance Of The Affiliative Smile. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 9, 367-370.

Okubo, Matia; Akihiro, Kobayashi and Kenta Ishikawa. A Fake Smile Thwarts Cheater Detection. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour. 2012. 36:217–225. DOI 10.1007/s10919-012-0134-9
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/fake-till-make-cheaters-fake-smile-make-lies-difficult-detect/

Reissland, Nadja; Brian Francis, James Mason, Karen Lincoln. Do Facial Expressions Develop before Birth? August 2011. 6(8): e24081. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024081.g001
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/the-cry-and-laugh-face-in-the-human-fetus/

Reed, Lawrence Ian; Katharine N. Zeglen and Karen L. Schmidt. Facial Expressions as Honest Signals of Cooperative Intent in a One-Shot Anonymous Prisoner’s Dilemma Game. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2012. 33: 200-209.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/facial-expressions-honest-signals-smiling-contempt-predict-cooperation-defection/

Samuele Centorrino, Elodie Djemai, Astrid Hopfensitz, Manfred Milinski, Paul Seabright. Honest Signaling in Trust Interactions: Smiles Rated as Genuine Induce Trust and Signal Higher Earning Opportunities. Evolution and Human Behavior DOI:
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.08.001.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/smile-great-gain-smiling-key-negotiation/

Tidd, K., and Lockard, J. (1978). Monetary Significance Of The Affiliative Smile: A Case For Reciprocal Altruism. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 11, 344-346.

Walsh, D. G., & Hewitt, J. (1985). Giving Men The Come-On: Effect Of Eye Contact And Smiling In A Bar Environment. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 873-874.

Vigil, J. M. (2009). A socio-relational framework of sex differences in the expression of emotion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 375–428.

*No Photo, Amplifier, Buy signals, Childlike playfulness, Gravity defying body language, Honest body language, Up nonverbals

Body Language of Happy Feet

by Chris • October 22, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Happy Feet

Cue: Happy Feet

Synonym(s): Bouncing Feet.

Description: Happy feet are those that bounce up and down with joy, point upwards when standing, or seem to have a spring in their step when walking. Other times happy feet are feet that point or move in the direction of something they like.

In One Sentence: Feet that bounce up and down signal happiness, confidence, and good health.

How To Use it: Use happy feet to show others that you are healthy, confident and that good things are happening to you. Happy feet will be viewed by others as a symptom of your good fortune. Positive attitudes are transferred through body language and keeping the feet in motion shows others that you are prepared for action.

Bluff in poker by bouncing your feet. If people are attuned, they will read your bouncing feet as a true indicator of a great hand (even if you don’t have one).

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m happy with joy so my honest feet defy gravity by bouncing, toes rising and pointing.”

Variant: See Cooperative Feet, Toe Pointing or Pointed Toe, Toes Pointed Upward.

Cue In Action: We always knew it was time to fold. When Kevin had a great poker hand, his feet started bouncing. They were nearly vibrating the entire table.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Throughout our evolution, the feet carried out more traditional tasks like escaping predators, avoiding hot sand or coals from fire, leaping from slithering snakes or poisonous spiders, or navigating rough rocky river bottoms. The feet were therefore connected more to the reptilian brain which reacts to stimuli directly instead of contemplating higher order tasks that require planning. This makes the feet “honest” and reliable as clues to fear as well as happiness.

Bouncing feet are called “happy feet” and is a high confidence ‘tell’, indicating that a person is about to gain something important. It is very reliable and happens as a direct result of having heard or seen something significant that is positive to the person displaying the signal. While high affect happy feet make the entire body bounce, happy feet can be display in a more subdued way by just wiggling the feet. Watching for these cues in poker can be a very important tell and save a pile of money, so be careful to watch for it.

Legs and feet can also become jittery and fidget when a person is bored and wants to leave. Jittery feet, though, can also be due to nervous energy or even the result of happiness such as “happy feet.” It is the context that will help decide what feet and legs are telling in this type of body language.

Happy feet are feet that “defy gravity” are an honest indication of joy. When feet are happy they will bounce up and down and move the body in various playful ways. The feet are often extended toward things they like and point to them. Often the toes will point upward demonstrating confidence. This is done by bearing the weight on one foot and putting the heel down and lifting the toes up.

Cue Cluster: Watch for more open cues such as smiling, head tilted to the side in interest, palm up displays, open and lose body, torso flowing, touching other people, bouncing up and down and excited eye flashes and eye pops.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Buy signals, Childlike playfulness, Gravity defying body language, Honest body language, Up nonverbals.

Resources:

App, Betsy; Catherine L. Reed and Daniel N. McIntosh. Relative Contributions Of Face And Body Configurations: Perceiving Emotional State And Motion Intention. Cognition and Emotion. 2012. 26(4): 690-698.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/facial-expressions-versus-bodily-expressions-nonverbal-communication/

Astrom, Jan. Introductory greeting behavior: a laboratory investigation of approaching and closing salutation phases. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1994. 79(2): 863(35).

Atkinson AP, Dittrich WH, Gemmell AJ, Young AW (2004) Emotion perception from dynamic and static body expressions in point-light and full-light displays. Perception 33: 717–746. doi: 10.1068/p5096.

Boone RT, Cunningham JG (1998) Children’s decoding of emotion in expressive body movement: the development of cue attunement. Dev Psychol. 34: 1007–1016. doi: 10.1037//0012-1649.34.5.1007.

Baxter, James C. ; Rozelle, Richard M. Lanzetta, John T. (editor). Nonverbal expression as a function of crowding during a simulated police-citizen encounter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1975. 32(1): 40-54.

Brownlow S, Dixon AR, Egbert CA, Radcliffe RD (1997) Perception of movement and dancer characteristics from point-light displays of dance. Psychol Rec 47: 411–421.

de Meijer M (1989) The contribution of general features of body movement to the attribution of emotions. J Nonverbal Behav 13: 247–268. doi: 10.1007/BF00990296.

Flack, William F., Jr. Peripheral Feedback Effects of Facial Expressions, Bodily Postures, and Vocal Expressions on Emotional Feelings. Cognition and Emotion. 2006. 20 (2), 177-195. DOI:10.1080/02699930500359617
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/body-and-facial-expressions-influence-mood/

Fisch, Hans-ulrich ; Frey, Siegfried ; Hirsbrunner, Hans-peter Buchwald, Alexander M. (editor). Analyzing nonverbal behavior in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1983. 92(3): 307-318.

Harrison, Cathie. Watching the children watching Play School: indicators of engagement, play and learning. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood. 2012. 37(4): 44(7).

Harrigan, Jinni ; Oxman, Thomas ; Rosenthal, Robert. Rapport expressed through nonverbal behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1985. 9(2): 95-110.
Rovers, A.F. ; Essen, H.A. Guidelines for haptic interpersonal communication applications: an exploration of foot interaction styles. Virtual Reality. 2006. 9(2): 177-191.

Lagerlo¨f I, Djerf M (2000) Communicating emotions: Expressiveness in modern dance. Int J Psychol 35: 225–225.

Montepare, J. M., Goldstien, S. B., & Clausen, A. (1987). The identification of emotions from gait information. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11, 33–42.

Navarro, Joe. 2008. What Every BODY is Saying: An Ex-FBI Agent’s Guide to Speed-Reading People. William Morrow Paperbacks.

Nao, Misako Sawada and Motonobu Ishii. Development of the Movements Impressions Emotions Model: Evaluation of Movements and Impressions Related to the Perception of Emotions in Dance. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2013. 37:107-121.
DOI 10.1007/s10919-013-0148-y
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/convey-emotion-nonverbally-dance-study/

Park, Lora E.; Lindsey Streamer; Li Huang and Adam D. Galinsky. Stand Tall, But Don’t Put Your Feet Up: Universal and Culturally-Specific Effects of Expansive Postures On Power. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2013; 49: 965–971.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/are-expansive-postures-of-power-universal-or-cultural/

Ricard, Nathalie C. ; Beaudry, Simon G. ; Pelletier, Luc G. Lovers With Happy Feet: The Interdependence of Relationship and Activity Factors for Individuals Dancing With a Romantic Partner.(Report). Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2012. 42(4): 939(25).

Sporer, Siegfried L. ; Schwandt, Barbara Penrod, Steven D. (editor). MODERATORS OF NONVERBAL INDICATORS OF DECEPTION: A Meta-Analytic Synthesis. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. 2007. 13(1): 1-34.

Schneider, Sabrina; Andrea Christensen; Florian B. Häußinger; Andreas J. Fallgatter; Martin A. Giese and Ann-Christine Ehlis. Show Me How You Walk and I Tell You How You Feel – A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study on Emotion Perception Based on Human Gait. NeuroImage. 2014, 85: 380-390 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.078.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/show-me-how-you-walk-and-ill-tell-you-how-you-feel/

Van Dyck E, Maes P-J, Hargreaves J, Lesaffre M, Leman M (2013). Expressing
induced emotions through free dance movement. J Nonverbal Behav 37: 175–
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Whittock, Trevor. The role of metaphor in dance. The British Journal of Aesthetics. 1992. 32(3): 242(8).

Amplifier, Appease, Childlike playfulness, Emotional body language, Open body language, Open facial gestures

Body Language of Happiness And Joy

by Chris • October 22, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Happiness And Joy

Cue: Happiness And Joy

Synonym(s): Joy, Happiness Facial Expression.

Description: Happiness is a combination of the happiness facial expression and associated happy body language.

The eyebrows are slightly raised forcing the eyelids to crinkle and show crows feet, eyes may sometimes narrow, the corners of the lips curl upward, the lips sometimes part to show upper teeth, cheeks puff up and bulge. See how a real smile is coupled with other body language in the cue cluster to produce happiness and joy.

In One Sentence: Happiness body language is a way the body shows other people that good things are going on inside a person’s mind, usually as a result of good things going on outside of their body.

How To Use it: Use joyful nonverbal expressions when you want others to see you in a positive light. Happiness is read by others as a sign of good health, prosperity and a good mental disposition. At times, healthy body language can be feigned in order to attract better quality partners, to make others jealous, or to hide insecurity. Some experts advocate faking positive body language as they believe that the body has a powerful influence over the mind (and vice versa). Therefore, moving the body is more joyful ways can sometimes produce desire emotional results. A joyful expression is also frequently contagious and copied in others. This gives the initiator of the happiness message a positive halo effect.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m so happy my face is opening up to the whole world and my eyes are crinkling and smiling too. My teeth are bared as my mouth opens with joy.”

Variant: See Artificial Smile or Fake Smile to compare a real simile to a fake one as well as the Honest Smile or Duchenne Smile.

Cue In Action: You just knew she wasn’t faking it, her body was vibrating with joy and happiness, her face was beaming, her body was open and flowing.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Happiness is motivated by internal hormones, buffered and released by, external stimuli to create a body that is open, flowing, and beaming.

Happiness means that good things are happening to a person or that they are making good things happen to them. At times, negative things do happen, but a person who resists being negatively affected by them, shows a positive rather than pessimistic affect and one who is able to work through hardship. This is the exact opposite to those who view life pessimistically that look for the negative in all situations and expect good outcomes to be only temporary.

Cue Cluster: Watch for open body language such as arms and legs uncrossed, tension to be erased from the face, the eyes will twinkle, laugh lines appear in the corner of the eyes, cheeks raise and the teeth expose,

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Appease, Childlike playfulness, Emotional body language, Open body language, Open facial gestures.

Resources:

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