Category: Authoritative body language

*No Photo, Aggressive body language, Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Dominant body language, Friendship touching or friendly touching, High confidence body language, High confidence hand displays, Leadership body language, Remotivating gesture, Social touching

Body Language of The Wrist Hold Handshake and The Upper Arm Grip Handshake

by Chris • October 30, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of The Wrist Hold Handshake and The Upper Arm Grip Handshake

Cue: Wrist Hold Handshake and Upper Arm Grip Handshake

Synonym(s): Upper Arm Grip Handshake, Handshake With Arm Clasp.

Description: a) The wrist of the other person is grasped with the left hand during an otherwise normal handshake. b) A political-type handshake that is normal except that the opposite hand reaches up to grasp the upper left arm just above the elbow or even the shoulder.

In One Sentence: The wrist hold handshake is a political handshake which aims to build strong bonds and alliances.

How To Use it: Use wrist hold handshake only if you are a high powered position on other high powered individuals. Others will be taken by surprise. When done properly, you can create a more intimate impression.

Context: Business.

Verbal Translation: “I’m shaking your hand while holding your wrist to show my desire for a close and more intimate connection with additional control in a business relationship.”

Variant: See Country Handshake (The), Cold Dead Wet Fish Handshake, Double Gripper Politician Handshake or Double Hander (The), Short Grabber/Finger Grabber Handshake, Oddball Handshake, Palm Up, Palm Down and Palm Even Handshakes, Stiff Arm And Thrust Forward Handshake, Death Grip Handshake, Wrench Forward Handshake, Undershaker Handshake, Wrist Hold Handshake, Wrist Hold Handshake and Upper Arm Grip Handshake, Limp Fish Handshake, Teacup Handshake, Arm Twister Handshake (The), Firm handshake, Fist Bumping.

Cue In Action: When the leader of two countries met, one president shook hands while grabbing the other’s wrist, and the other president grasped his shoulder. Each expressed a higher level of intimacy than just a handshake on its own.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Both the wrist hold handshake and the upper arm grip handshake is more common for politicians than ordinary people.

It is designed to build more intimacy and show desire to care, but also control. It is therefore much more powerful than an ordinary handshake. Its aim is to build strong bonds and build strategic alliances between high powered individuals.

In the wrong context, these handshakes will seem insincere and off-putting so they should only be used with extreme caution and in the right context.

Cue Cluster: Expect to see plenty of dominance cues such as arms akimbo, military man stance, chin up, palm displays, controlled gesticulation and facial expressions, dominant eye contact, upright postures and puffed out chests.

Body Language Category: Aggressive body language, Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Dominant body language, Friendship touching or friendly touching, High confidence body language, High confidence hand displays, Leadership body language, Remotivating gesture, Social touching.

Resources:

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Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Dominant body language, Expansive movements, Gravity defying body language, High confidence body language, High confidence hand displays, Leadership body language, Open body language, Palm power, Up nonverbals

Body Language of Wide Arms

by Chris • October 30, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Wide Arms

Cue: Wide Arms

Synonym(s): Arms Apart, Catching The Applause.

Description: The arms are spread wide apart, palms even (neither up nor down) and eye contact is established with the target or targets.

In One Sentence: Wide arms is a long distance embrace-indicator.

How To Use it: Use the wide arms posture to collect adulation from other people at a distance. Presenters, politicians, entertainers, and so forth, should use the wide arm posture to connect and build bonds with many people at the same time.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m opening my arms wide, palms flashed to catch all your applause and adulation – I am your star.”

Variant: See Palm Up Displays or The Rogatory Posture, Arms Up Posture.

Cue In Action: The president approached the audience, flashed his palms out and circled the stage with wide arms held just above his head. He was soaking in the adulation like a rock star.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Wide arms are a long distance embrace-indicator. Entertainers frequently perform this gesture toward their audience after completing a routine in order to catch their applause and adulation. We also see politicians do the wide arms gesture to collect them all in one big long-distance hug.

The posture shows others that they have a positive attitude as it defies gravity, that they are dominant by taking up more space, and that they wish to be noticed.

Other times, the wide arms posture is used to calm an audience. This gesture appears more as a palm moving in an up and down movement.

Cue Cluster: Watch for a big smile, head held high, palm flashing, waving, a swagger, eye contact with the audience, blowing kisses, bowing, pointing to people that are recognized, shaking hands, kiss hello and hugging.

Body Language Category: Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Dominant body language, Expansive movements, Gravity defying body language, High confidence body language, High confidence hand displays, Leadership body language, Open body language, Palm power, Up nonverbals.

Resources:

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*No Photo, Amplifier, Audible signals, Authoritative body language, Submissive body language

Body Language of Voice Pitch

by Chris • October 30, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Voice Pitch

Cue: Voice Pitch

Synonym(s): N/A

Description: Pitch is a voice quality describing the number of vibrations emitted from the vocal cords in a unit of time. We detect pitch is the highness or lowness of the voice.

In One Sentence: The depth of the voice indicates dominance and submissiveness.

How To Use it: To appear more dominant lower the voice, to appear more submissive, raise the pitch of the voice. Both voice pitches, high and low, have a place for both men and women.

Men and women should lower their voice pitch when trying to appear in control, assertive and dominant. This will work in any context, but is especially crucial when leadership is required. While a high pitched female voice can be used to create obedience and fear, it will most likely be attributed to loss of control. When voices become high pitched they come across as emotional and this is then ascribed to the person. Lowering the voice, on the other hand, signals dominance which is a more natural way to create obedience.

In dating, men with deep voices are seen as more attractive as it signals higher dominance. Therefore, men should deepen their voices in a dating context. Research has also found that women can artificially make their voices sexier by deepening them. In fact, women were much better at making their voices sexy than men.

Conversely, when men and women wish to create a caring impression, they should use a higher pitched voice. A high pitched voice is best used with babies and small children. The aim is to mirror their voice pitch so as to create a likeness. This will facilitate trust.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “My voice is either highly pitched or deeply pitched and this depends on my level of dominance and authority and provides you with cues to how you should treat me and with how much respect I deserve.”

Variant: See Becoming Loud, Becoming Quiet or Whispering.

Cue In Action: Mom’s voice was soothing and calming, but when it came to getting her child to listen, she could raise her voice to a screech. Dad’s voice, on the other hand, was baritone. His voice boomed and put his little boy into action. When Dad talked, the 4-year-old knew the games were over and it was time for bed. His low deep voice resonated with dominance, striking fear in him.

Meaning and/or Motivation: The rate of vibration is controlled by the length and thickness of the vocal cords as well as how they are contracted or relaxed. The greater the vibrations, the higher the pitch, and therefore the higher the note achieved. In most cases, men’s voices are of lower pitch than women’s, but even men can tighten their vocal cords enough to achieve comparable pitch. Therefore, voice pitch is partly under conscious control. The highness and lowness of natural voices is affected by the body chemical androgen, which is the male sex hormone. The same hormone is tied to physical prowess and aggressiveness and also loosely tied to a competitor’s health and vigor making a low voice attractive to females when it is found in men.

To the nonverbal world, meaning is conveyed through pitch. When emotions run high, the voice can raise. A high voice pitch with a high volume is a scream which indicates heightened emotion such as anger, frustration, fear or excitement. A low voice has the reverse effect. It is often calming and authoritarian. Pitch also tells us what kind of person we are dealing with, be they subordinate with a higher pitch or dominant with lower pitch.

While we are all born with a certain natural voice pitch, it is possible to raise or lower our pitch to yield desired results. A woman may raise her voice pitch to gain favour from others, or she may lower it to command respect from colleagues. Generally, a high pitch tells others that we are ineffectual no matter how capable the person might really be. A low pitch with no inflection, showing no emotion, can also signal depression and weariness.

Cue Cluster: This cue coupled with other cues, can strengthen its meaning. A dominant voice with dominant body language increases the chances that a person is perceived that way. However, you might imagine a burley man with a weak, high pitched voice. This will likely confuse the body language reader as it is a mixed message. Voice pitch is just one cue so it must be read alongside other cues in the cluster.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Authoritative body language, Audible signals, Submissive body language.

Resources:

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Cartei, Valentina and David Reby. Acting Gay: Male Actors Shift the Frequency Components of Their Voices Towards Female Values When Playing Homosexual Characters. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2012. 36:79–93
DOI 10.1007/s10919-011-0123-4
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/purposely-gay-voice-pitch-male-actors-use-effeminate-voices-feign-homosexuality/

Fraccaro, Paul J.; Benedict C. Jones; Jovana Vukovic; Finlay G. Smith; Christopher D. Watkins; David R. Feinberg; Anthony C. Little and Lisa M. Debruine. Experimental Evidence That Women Speak in a Higher Voice Pitch to Men They Find Attractive. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology. 2011. 9(1): 57-67.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/women-raise-voice-pitch-men-find-attractive/

Fraccaro, Paul J.; Jillian J. M. O’Connor; Daniel E. Re; Benedict C. Jones; Lisa M. DeBruine and David R. Feinberg. Faking it: Deliberately Altered Voice Pitch and Vocal Attractiveness. Animal Behaviour. 2013. 85: 127e136.
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Authoritative body language, Courtship display, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI), Intimate touching, Liking, Power play, Tie signals

Body Language of Touching or Increase In Touching

by Chris • October 29, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Touching or Increase In Touching

Cue: Touching or Increase In Touching.

Synonym(s): Increase In Touching, Placing Your Hands On Another, Intentional Touching, Brushing Up Against Someone Intentionally, Touching Intentionally, Touching On Purpose.

Description: Touching between people that suddenly increases, or simply when touching occurs between people.

In One Sentence: Touching or increased touching indicates the desire to create a bond or affiliation in order to receive something, be it material or emotional in nature.

How To Use it: Touch is well researched and has been found to be highly influential when done. Researcher has found that touching can help boost tips, increase the chances of compliance, as well as increase the chances of receiving help. Touching also creates intimacy in relationships from friendships to romantic partners. You should also use touch when you want to strengthen bonds or offer comfort.

Be careful to use touch in appropriate ways. As a general rule, touches further away from the core of the body are more acceptable. For example, touching the forearm or upper arm is more acceptable than touching the torso or small of the back, but in the right circumstances with the right people, this may be acceptable. Touching more intimate such as the breast, buttocks, and genital areas are obviously reserved for sexual relationships. However, in these relationships, can produce high intimacy, though also require a high amount of trust.

A slight touching of a stranger on the upper arm has a very powerful effect on cooperation. The effects of touch have been widely studied. The influence it has on behaviour and requests are conclusive, touching really can help you get what you want from others.

Nonreciprocal touching can serve as a power play between men. For example, in a bar setting, the man who is most at liberty to touch other men will be seen as most dominant, especially if he is not touched in response. This can also work in business where the boss wishes to keep his employees under his leadership.

Context: a) General b) Dating.

Verbal Translation: a) “I’m touching you because I want something from you, want to strengthen our bond, or am sexually interested in you.” a) I’m touching you because I want to comfort you.” b) “I’m touching you because I own you and can do whatever I want.” b) “I’m touching you because I’m sexually interested in you.”

Variant: See Accidental Touching, Head Touch (by others), Touch Reduction.

Cue In Action: a) The boss habitually bumped lightly against the junior manager with a bump of his fist. The gentle tap helped form a bond with him and showed him that they are in agreement and on the right track together.

a) The waitress lightly rubbed her breast up against the patron when reaching for the empty glasses across the table. She had used this technique previously to boost her tips.

b) She lightly brushed off his lapel, as if there was some lint present, then gave him a shoulder massage. Her intensions were becoming obvious to him.

b) She placed her hand over his chest and half hugged him – half rested her head on his shoulder. She did so while making eye contact with the new girl. It was a strong message of ownership.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Territoriality is a big part of the human repertoire. We rarely think about ownership of people, but placing an arm over someone, playfully messing up their hair or guiding them to where we want them to go by placing a hand on their back, as a parent would his child, are just a few ways that we show others that we own and control them.

Touching or an increase in touching likely means that a person is trying to strengthen an affiliation in order to receive something, usually a favour, or create an alliance of some kind. Touching can be a way to offer support and comfort to someone when they are sad or grieving. A mother offering care to her child when they are scared or hurt will often use touch. Alternatively, touching indicates sexual interest in a dating context.

Studies show that touching between men, especially in the workplace, is usually related to power plays and social jostling. An employer will place his hand on the shoulder or back of an employee to reaffirm his status while offering encouragement. Such displays are inappropriate in reverse and wouldn’t usually be tolerated.

Touching between men and women often defines sexual interest. When women touch each other, it is often done out of friendship or to extend sympathy or formulate bonds. When men touch, it signals friendship, but when it is done unilaterally, it signals dominance. Family members also use touching such as hugs and kisses to display affection. The level of touching that people are willing to accept is different from person-to-person. Touch comfort is also highly cultural.

Cue Cluster: Touching has meaning by itself due to its required level of commitment. However, we should also watch for increased proximity and sexual cues to decide how strong the affiliation is intended. The more cues in cluster the stronger the desire to control another person or access them sexually.

Body Language Category: Authoritative body language, Courtship display, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Intimate touching, Liking, Power play, Tie signals.

Resources:

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Willis, Frank N. , Jr. ; Dodds, Rebecca A. Age, relationship, and touch initiation. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1998. 138(1). 115(9).

Werner, Carol ; Brown, Barbara ; Damron, Gary Steiner, Ivan D. (editor). Territorial marking in a game arcade. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981. 41(6): 1094-1104.

Aggressive body language, Amplifier, Arrogance or arrogant body language, Authoritative body language, Confident body language, High confidence body language, Hostile body language, Up nonverbals

Body Language of Thumb Displays or Thumbs Up Posture

by Chris • October 29, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Thumb Displays or Thumbs Up Posture

Cue: Thumb Displays or Thumbs Up Posture.

Synonym(s): Thumbing.

Description: a) The thumbs up gestures is done by placing all but the thumbs in the front pockets of a vest, or suite jacket, or by knuckling the vest and leaving the thumbs out. b) Where the thumb is raised upward with the remaining fingers clenched together. c) The fingers are placed in pants pockets with the thumbs left out. d) When gesticulating, the thumbs are kept up and out from the rest of the fingers e) The fingers are interlocked with the thumbs pointing upward. f) The hand forms a ball, fingers up, and thumb pointing to someone we wish to dismiss.

In One Sentence: Thumb displays indicate dominance, assertiveness, superiority and sometimes even aggression.

How To Use it: The thumbs up gesture is culturally specific so be careful with how you use it around the world.

However, in the West, one can use the thumbs up gesture to show others that you approve of them, or approve of an event that has taken place.
In other contexts, simple thumb displays can be used to show that you are confident. Putting the hands in the pockets and leaving the thumbs out, or likewise, holding the edge of the jacket with thumbs exposed shows people that you are assertive. This works well in business as well as general contexts.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m showing the world my thumbs because I’m confident and feeling superior.” “I’m gesturing to that guy over there with my thumb because his views are really off-base and I’m dismissing him.”

Variant: The Thumbs Up Gesture, does not have a universal meaning.

It indicates that all is well in North America and Europe, a sexual insult in parts of Africa, Australia, Southern Europe and the Middle East, the number 1 in Germany, and the number 5 in Japan.

Another variation altogether includes flaunting the thumbs by placing them under the arm while folded. This last posture is a closed, yet dominant cue cluster. The crossed arms tell others that they are closed off from communication while the exposed thumbs reveal superiority. See Thumb Hiding.

Cue In Action: a) The smug lawyer felt comfortable posing for his business card with an obvious display of confidence. He clasping his jacket and turned his thumbs up.

b) The presenter waved his hands thumbs-up as he emphasized how important it was to build alliances with others.

f) His wife disapproved of her husband’s drunken antics. She motioned sideways with her thumb, “That guy, over there – is my husband.”

Meaning and/or Motivation: We see the thumb display by royalty and also by lawyers who are trying to seem noble and important. Thumbs-out is a representation of ego, dominance, assertiveness, superiority and sometimes even aggressiveness. The root to “keeping you under my thumb” is due to the immense symbolic and practical power the thumbs carry. Without opposable thumbs, we’d have little ability to use tools. To openly flash this strength is to have confidence in our ability.

Thumbs up shows agreement and success. Thumbs hanging out of pockets shows dominance and self assurance. Thumbing toward another person indicates dismissiveness especially when waved coupled with a sneer. If a thumb is pointed outward with the fingers in a ball in a “that guy over there” it shows that we disagree with their entire point of view and is viewed as a rude gesture.

The thumbs up gesture, wherever it happens, is a form of “gravity defying’ body language. This means that it is related to positive emotions since it requires energy to carry out and people that are depressed aren’t interested in burning energy especially wastefully.

Cue Cluster: Be sure to watch for additional clues of superiority to fall alongside thumb displays including a dismissive tone, chin up, head held high, looking down the bridge of the nose, shoulders back and up, chest puffed out, legs apart, and fluid gesticulating. At times, high superiority can even lead to slouching and relaxed postures as one does not feel the need to hold proper posture.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Arrogance or arrogant body language, Aggressive body language, Authoritative body language, Confident body language, High confidence body language, Hostile body languag, Up nonverbals.

Resources:

Beattie, G., & Shovelton,H.(1999). Mapping the range of information contained in the iconich and gestures that accompany spontaneous speech. Journal of Language and social Psychology, 18, 438–462.

Biau, E., & Soto-Faraco, S.(2013). Beat gestures modulate auditory integration in speech perception. Brain and Language, 124(2), 143–152.

Bartolo, A.,Cubelli,R.,DellaSala,S.,&Drei,S.(2003).Pantomimes are special gestures which rely on working memory. Brain and Cognition, 53, 483–494.

Bernardis, P.,& Gentilucci,M.(2006).Speec hand gestures are the same communication system. Neuropsychologia, 44, 178–190.

Buccino, G.,Vogt,S., Ritzl, A., Fink, G .R., Zilles, K., Freund, H. J., et al.(2004).Neural circuits underlying imitation learning of hand actions: Anevent-related fMRI study. Neuron, 42, 323–334.

Chandler, Jesse ; Schwarz, Norbert. How extending your middle finger affects your perception of others: Learned movements influence concept accessibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2009. 45(1): 123-128.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/how-extending-the-middle-finger-affects-perception/

Fabbri-Destro, M.,& Rizzolatti,G. (2008). Mirror neurons and mirror systems in monkeys and humans. Physiology, 23, 171–179.

Fusaro, M., Harris, P. L., & Pan, B. A. (2012). Head nodding and head shaking gestures in children’s early communication. First Language, 32, 439–458. doi:10.1177/0142723711419326

Goldin-Meadow, S. (1999).The role of gesture in communication and thinking. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3, 419–429.

Goldin-Meadow, S.(2003). Hearing gesture: How our hands help us think. Cam-bridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Guidetti, M. (2005). Yes or no? How do young children combine gestures and words to agree and refuse. Journal of Child Language, 32, 911–924. doi:10.1017/S0305000905007038

Hummer, P., Wimmer, H., & Antes, G. (1993). On the origins of denial negation. Journal of Child Language, 20, 607– 618. doi:10.1017/S0305000900008503

Hubbard, A.L., Wilson,S.M., Callan,D.E., & Dapretto, M.(2009). Giving speech a hand: Gesture modulates activity in auditory cortex during speech perception. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 1028–1037.

He, Yifei ; Gebhardt, Helge ; Steines, Miriam ; Sammer, Gebhard ; Kircher, Tilo ; Nagels, Arne ; Straube, Benjamin. The EEG and fMRI signatures of neural integration: An investigation of meaningful gestures and corresponding speech. Neuropsychologia. 2015. 72: 27-42.

Holle, H., & Gunter,T.C. (2007). The role of iconic gestures in speech disambiguation: ERP evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1175–1192.

Hubbard, A.L., Wilson, S. M., Callan, D. E., & Dapretto, M.(2009).Giving speech a hand: Gesture modulates activity in auditory cortex during speech perception. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 1028–1037.

Kendon,A.(1994).Do gestures communicate? A review. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 27, 175–200.

Knutson, K.M., McClellan,E.M., & Grafman, J.(2008).Observing social gestures: An fMRI study. Experimental Brain Research, 188, 187–198.

Kelly, S. D., Creigh, P., & Bartolotti, J.(2009).Integrating speech and iconic gestures in a Stroop-like task: Evidence for automatic processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 683–694.

Kelly, S.D., Kravitz, C.,& Hopkins, M.(2004).Neural correlates of bimodal speech and gesture comprehension. Brain and Language, 89(1), 253–260.

Krahmer,E., & Swerts, M.(2007).The effects of visual beats on prosodic prominence: Acoustic analyses, auditory perception and visual perception. Journal of Memory and Language, 57, 396–414.

Krauss, R. M., Dushay, R.A., Chen,Y., & Rauscher, F.(1995).The communicative value of conversational hand gesture. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31(6), 533–552.

Leonard, T., & Cummins, F.(2010).The temporal relation between beat gestures and speech. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26, 1457–1471.

Lindenberg, R., Uhlig,M., Scherfeld,D., Schlaug,G., & Seitz, R.J.(2012).Commu- nication with emblematic gestures: Shared and distinct neural correlates of expression and reception. Human Brain Mapping, 33, 812–823.

Montgomery, K.J., Isenberg, N., & Haxby,J.V. (2007). Communicative hand gestures and object-directed hand movements activated the mirror neuron system. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 114–122.

Molnar-Szakacs, Istvan ; Wu, Allan D ; Robles, Francisco J ; Iacoboni, Marco Robertson, Edwin (Academic Editor). Do You See What I Mean? Corticospinal Excitability During Observation of Culture-Specific Gestures (Gesture Perception). PLoS ONE. 2007. 2(7): p.e626

Ohgami, Y., Matsuo,K., Uchida,N., & Nakai,T. (2004). An fMRI study of tool-use gestures: Body partas object and pantomime. Neuroreport, 15, 1903–1906.

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Skipper, J.I., Goldin-Meadow, S., Nusbaum,H.C.,& Small,S.L. (2007).Speech- associated gestures, Broca’s area, and the human mirror system. Brain and Language, 101, 260–277.

Sherzer, Joel The Brazilian Thumbs-Up Gesture. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 1991, Vol.1(2), pp.189-197

Straube,B., Green,A., Bromberger,B., & Kircher, T. (2011).The differentiation of iconic and metaphoric gestures: Common and unique integration processes. Human Brain Mapping, 32, 520–533.

Tam, C. W., & Stokes, S. F. (2001). Form and function of negation in early developmental Cantonese. Journal of Child Language, 28, 373–391. doi:10.1017/S0305000901004688

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Vaidyanathan, R. (1991). Development of forms and functions of negation in the early. tages of language acquisition: A study in Tamil. Journal of Child Language, 18, 51–66. doi:10.1017/S0305000900013295

Willems, R.M., Ozyurek,A., & Hagoort,P.(2007).When language meets action:The neural integration of gesture and speech. CerebralCortex, 17, 2322–2333.

Wieser, Matthias J.; Tobias Flaisch and Paul Pauli. Raised Middle-Finger: Electrocortical Correlates of Social Conditioning with Nonverbal Affective Gestures. 2014. PLoS ONE 9(7): e102937. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102937
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/powerful-nonverbal-effect-raised-middle-finger-persistent-brain-consequences-pairing/

Wu, Y. C., & Coulson, S.(2005).Meaningful gestures: Electrophysiological indices of iconic gesture comprehension. Psychophysiology, 42, 654–667.

Wang, Lin ; Chu, Mingyuan Neuropsychologia. The role of beat gesture and pitch accent in semantic processing: An ERP study. 2013, Vol.51(13), pp.2847-2855

*No Photo, Arrogance or arrogant body language, Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Dominant body language, Expansive movements, Gravity defying body language, High confidence body language, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI), Leadership body language, Open body language, Threat displays, Up nonverbals

Body Language of Strutting

by Chris • October 28, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Strutting

Cue: Strutting.

Synonym(s): Swagger.

Description: A careless, slow, deliberate gait with shoulders back, chest out, head up, as if swimming through the air. The upper body moves back and forth confidently.

In One Sentence: Strutting is a type of gait displaying supreme confidence.

How To Use it: Use strutting or swagger to show others that good things happen to you and that you are able to control the results in your life. This works well in any context but if done too conspicuously will appear as smug. When using the cue, be sure that it can be backed up with other confident demeanor including a relaxed and slow speech pattern, proper gesticulation and so forth. President Obama is a great example of walking with swagger and he also backs it up with swagger in his speech and gesture. In dating, swagger is highly regarded as it is in business.

Context: a) Dating b) Business.

Verbal Translation: “I’m confident and in control. I walk with my head up, shoulders back, chest puffed out so that others take note of my dominance and show me respect and admiration.”

Variant: See Gait or Walking Styles.

Cue In Action: a) He walked by the girls in full strut, his chest puffed out trying to appear larger than he actually was. b) The boss was confident and this was easy to see. His gait was smooth, deliberate, and effortless. He walked with his head held high, back strait and arms moving smoothly with each stride.

Meaning and/or Motivation: High ranking officials such as presidents and high level business men habitually strut. A swagger occurs while walking and is a display of confidence, dominance and usually sex appeal. Men are said to strut when trying to appear masculine in the eye of women. Women can also strut, but it’s not as typical as it is for men.

If someone is going out of their way to strut, he is likely trying to impress others but might not have the gull to back it up. True strutting appears effortlessly and is backed by real life accomplishments.

Cue Cluster: The strut is a collection of cues in cluster. Head high, back straight but fluid, arms in motion and chest puffed out. Watch for additional cues to verify the honesty of the strut. Those with confidence will also carry open postures such as arms uncrossed and out of pockets, make and hold eye contact easily, touch people freely when appropriate, maintain open postures, gesticulate when appropriate and so forth.

Body Language Category: Arrogance or arrogant body language, Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Dominant body language, Expansive movements, Gravity defying body language, High confidence body language, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Leadership body language, Open body language, Threat displays, Up nonverbals.

Resources:

Atkinson AP, Dittrich WH, Gemmell AJ, Young AW (2004) Emotion perception
from dynamic and static body expressions in point-light and full-light displays.
Perception 33: 717–746. doi: 10.1068/p5096.

Crane, Elizabeth ; Gross, M. Effort-Shape Characteristics of Emotion-Related Body Movement. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2013. 37(2): 91-105.

de Meijer M (1989) The contribution of general features of body movement to
the attribution of emotions. J Nonverbal Behav 13: 247–268. doi: 10.1007/
BF00990296.

Eisenberg, P. Expressive movements related to feelings of dominance. Archives of Psychology, 1937, No. 211. Ekman, P. Universals and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion. In J. K. Cole (Ed.),

Eisenberg, Philip ; Reichline, Philipb. Judging Expressive Movement: II. Judgments of Dominance-Feeling from Motion Pictures of Gait. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1939. 10(3): 345-357.

Eisenberg, Philip ; Reichline, Philipb. Judging Expressive Movement: II. Judgments of Dominance-Feeling from
Johnson, Kerri L ; Gill, Simone ; Reichman, Victoria ; Tassinary, Louis G. Swagger, sway, and sexuality: Judging sexual orientation from body motion and morphology. Journal of personality and social psychology. 2007. 93(3): 321-34.

Gross, M Melissa ; Crane, Elizabeth A ; Fredrickson, Barbara L. Effort-Shape and kinematic assessment of bodily expression of emotion during gait. Human movement science. 2012. 31(1): 202-21.

Janssen, Daniel ; Schöllhorn, Wolfgang ; Lubienetzki, Jessica ; Fölling, Karina ; Kokenge, Henrike ; Davids, Keith. Recognition of Emotions in Gait Patterns by Means of Artificial Neural Nets. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2008. 32(2): 79-92.

Jessica L. Tracy and David Matsumoto. The Spontaneous Expression Of Pride And Shame: Evidence For Biologically Innate Nonverbal Displays. 2008; 105 (33) 11655-11660.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/universal-expressions-of-pride-and-shame/

Johnson, Kerri L ; Tassinary, Louis G. Perceiving sex directly and indirectly: meaning in motion and morphology. Psychological science. 2005. 16(11): 890-7.

Kito, Tomonori ; Yoneda, Tsugutake. Dominance of gait cycle duration in casual walking. Human Movement Science. 2006. 25(3): 383-392.

Montepare, Joann ; Zebrowitz, Leslie. A cross-cultural comparison of impressions created by age-related variations in gait. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1993. 17(1): 55-68.

Montepare, J. M., Goldstien, S. B., & Clausen, A. (1987). The identification of emotions from gait information. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11, 33–42.

Mastow, A. H. The role of dominance in the social and sexual behavior of infra-human primates: I. Observations at Vilas Park Zoo. Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic” Psychology, 1936, 48, 261-277.

Maslow, A.H. Dominance-feeling, behavior, and status. Psychological Review, 1937, 44, 404-429.

Mehrabian, A. Influence of attitudes from the posture, orientation and distance of a communicator. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, t968, 32, 296-308.

Mehrabian, Albert Deese, James (editor). Significance of posture and position in the communication of attitude and status relationships. Psychological Bulletin. 1969. 71(5): 359-372.

Martens, Jason P.; Jessica L. Tracy and Azim F. Shariff. Status signals: Adaptive
benefits of displaying and observing the nonverbal expressions of pride and shame, Cognition & Emotion. 2012. 26(3): 390-406. DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2011.645281
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/significant-nonverbal-expression-pride-shame-body-language-detailed-examination-origin-function/

Montepare, Joann ; Zebrowitz, Leslie. A cross-cultural comparison of impressions created by age-related variations in gait. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1993. 17(1): 55-68.

Montepare, Joann ; Goldstein, Sabra ; Clausen, Annmarie. The identification of emotions from gait information. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1987. 11(1): 33-42.

Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz-McArthur, L. (1988). Impressions of people created by age-related qualities of their gaits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(4), 547–556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ 0022-3514.55.4.547.

Prasad, S., & Shiffrar, M. (2009). Viewpoint and the recognition of people from their movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology – Human Perception and Performance, 35(1), 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/A0012728.

Roether, C. L., Omlor, L., Christensen, A., & Giese, M. A. (2009). Critical features for the perception of emotion from gait. Journal of Vision, 9(6), 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/9.6.15.

Schneider, Sabrina ; Christensen, Andrea ; Hau[sz]inger, Florian B. ; Fallgatter, Andreas J. ; Giese, Martin A. ; Ehlis, Ann – Christine. Show me how you walk and I tell you how you feel — A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study on emotion perception based on human gait. Neuroimage. 2014. 85: 380(11).

Van Der Zwan, Rick ; Herbert, Natasha. “I like the way you move”: how hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle affect female perceptions of gait.(Research article)(Report). BMC Research Notes. 2012. 5: 453.

Weisfeld, Glenn E. and Jody M. Beresford. Erectness of Posture as an Indicator of Dominance or Success in Humans. Motivation and Emotion. 1982. 6(2): 113-130.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/body-language-cues-dominance-submission-children/

*No Photo, Aggressive body language, Authoritative body language, Defensive body language, Dislike (nonverbal), Distancing or moving away, Dominant body language, Escape movements, Guiding body language, Hostile body language, Power play, Social touching, Space invasion, Stubborn body language, Threat displays

Body Language of Stiff Arm and Thrust Forward Handshake

by Chris • October 28, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Stiff Arm and Thrust Forward Handshake

Cue: Stiff Arm and Thrust Forward Handshake

Synonym(s): N/A

Description: The stiff arm thrust forward happens when someone grabs your hand then pushes you backwards putting you off balance.

In One Sentence: The stiff arm thrust forward handshake is usually done by a person who wants to maintain their personal space and is not afraid to say so.

How To Use it: Use the stiff arm thrust forward handshake when you want to keep a person out of your personal space. The signal will help you express your desire for more space and to show them not to encroach on you. This sort of handshake is mostly suited to those who desire more than average level of personal space such as those living in the country.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I need more space than you do and I’m not afraid to move you out of my personal space bubble by pushing you away.”

Variant: See Country Handshake (The), Cold Dead Wet Fish Handshake, Double Gripper Politician Handshake or Double Hander (The), Short Grabber/Finger Grabber Handshake, Oddball Handshake, Palm Up, Palm Down and Palm Even Handshakes, Stiff Arm And Thrust Forward Handshake, Death Grip Handshake, Wrench Forward Handshake, Undershaker Handshake, Wrist Hold Handshake, Wrist Hold Handshake and Upper Arm Grip Handshake, Limp Fish Handshake, Teacup Handshake, Arm Twister Handshake (The), Firm handshake, Fist Bumping.

Cue In Action: It was rare for the two salesman to be in the same office together as it was the busy season and both were aggressively campaigning to grow into new sectors. When they shook hands it was clear that one of them didn’t condone the others aggressive tactics. He made a point of going over and saying his peace. When he shook hands – he squeezed firmly and pushed him back and away, making it clear that he was overstepping his boundaries.

Meaning and/or Motivation: It’s a common occurrence for those trying to maintain their distance. Take for example a “city slicker” and a “country farmer” who meet for the first time. The farmer might accept the handshake even though a wave would be more appropriate for their comfort and to keep his space will push his arm forward shoving the city slicker back.

This sort of handshake can happen anytime a person requires more space than their partner and this isn’t always people from the country.

Cue Cluster: Expect the stiff arm handshake to be coupled with authoritative or aggressive body language such as arms akimbo or the cowboy stance, expressionless or stern facial expressions, moving to quieter locations out of the way and a reserved demeanor unless provoked.

Body Language Category: Aggressive body language, Authoritative body language, Defensive , Dislike (nonverbal), Distancing or moving away, Dominant body language, Escape movements, Guiding body language, Hostile body language, Power play, Space invasion, Stubborn or stubbornness, Social touching, Threat displays.

Resources:

Beaulieu, Catherine. Intercultural Study of Personal Space: A Case Study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2004 34(4):794-805.

Dolphin, Carol Zinner. Beyond hall: Variables in the use of personal space in intercultural transactions. Howard Journal of Communications. 1988. 1(1): 23-38.

Fisher, J; Rytting, M and Heslin, R. 1976. Hands touching hands: affective and evaluative effects on interpersonal touch, Sociometry 39: 416–421.

Frumin, Idan; Ofer Perl; Yaara Endevelt-Shapira; Ami Eisen; Neetai Eshel; Iris Heller; Maya Shemesh; Aharon Ravia; Lee Sela; Anat Arzi and Noam Sobel. A Social Chemosignaling Function for Human Handshaking. eLife 2015. 4:e05154
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05154.
http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/shake-hands-share-human-scent-curious-case-hand-sniffing-body-language/

Greenbaum, Paul ; Rosenfeld, Howard. Varieties of touching in greetings: Sequential structure and sex-related differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1980. 5(1): 13-25.

Greenberg, Carl I. ; Firestone, Ira J. Greenwald, Anthony G. (editor). Compensatory responses to crowding: Effects of personal space intrusion and privacy reduction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1977. 35(9): 637-644.

Graziano, Michael S.A. and Cooke, Dylan F. Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space, and defensive behavior. Neuropsychologia. 2006. 44(6): 845-859.

Holt, Daphne J ; Cassidy, Brittany S ; Yue, Xiaomin ; Rauch, Scott L ; Boeke, Emily A ; Nasr, Shahin ; Tootell, Roger B H ; Coombs, Garth. Neural correlates of personal space intrusion. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2014. 34(12): 4123-34.

Jeffrey D. Fisher; Marvin Rytting; Richard Heslin. 1976. Hands Touching Hands: Affective and Evaluative Effects of an Interpersonal Touch. Sociometry, 39(4): 416-421.

Lipsitz, Rebecca (2000). “A Gripping Start.” In Scientific American (September), p. 32.

Morris, Desmond (1994). Bodytalk: The Meaning of Human Gestures (New York: Crown Publishers).

Mcelroy, James C. ; Morrow, Paula C. Personal space, personal appearance, and personal selling. Psychological Reports. 1994 74(2): 425(2).

Mcgurk, Barry J. ; Davis, John D. ; Grehan, John. Assaultive behavior personality and personal space. Aggressive Behavior. 1981. 7(4): 317-324.

Newman, Robert C. ; Pollack, Donald Holzberg, Jules D. (editor). Proxemics in deviant adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1973 40(1): 6-8.

Okken, Vanessa ; Van Rompay, Thomas ; Pruyn, Ad. Room to Move: On Spatial Constraints and Self-Disclosure During Intimate Conversations. Environment and Behavior. 2013. 45(6): 737-760.

Pease, Barbara and Allan Pease. 2006. The Definitive Book of Body Language Hardcover. Bantam.

Spezialetti, Brian D. Do’s and don’ts for winning the job interview. (laboratory technicians). Medical Laboratory Observer. 1995. 27(7): 51-53.

Wesson, David A. The handshake as non-verbal communication in business. (marketing technique). Marketing Intelligence & Planning. 1992. 10(9): 61(6).

Werner, Carol ; Brown, Barbara ; Damron, Gary Steiner, Ivan D. (editor). Territorial marking in a game arcade. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981. 41(6): 1094-1104.

Authoritative body language, Barriers, Closed body language, Defensive body language, Distancing or moving away, Escape movements, Fearful body language, Protective reflexes, Rejection body language

Body Language of Stiff Arm and Curved Arm

by Chris • October 28, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Stiff Arm and Curved Arm

Cue: Stiff Arm and Curved Arm

Synonym(s): Arm Out Posture, Arm Blocking

Description: a) happens by thrusting the arm forward and away from the body with the palm face vertical in a “stop” type signal. b) Done by thrusting the elbow outward facing down or horizontally.

In One Sentence: The stiff arm is a body language cue which signals the desire to maintain separation and space through the creation of a barrier.

How To Use it: Use the stiff arm in dating to show men or women that you don’t want to create intimacy. The arm raised is useful when we don’t want others to come any closer. Sports athletes habitually use the stiff arm to protect themselves from collisions. Football players, like any other person whom is being encroached upon, should use the stiff arm in order to avoid unwanted proximity.

Context: a) General b) Dating and General

Verbal Translation: a) “I’m going to show you my palm power by flashing it at you to get you to stop what you are doing right now.” b) “I don’t like you getting close to me so I’m going to preserve my space and stop you from entering my space.”

Variant: See other palm powerful gestures, like Palm Up Display or The Rogatory Posture and Palm Down Displays or Palm Power.

Cue In Action: a) The kids were acting up once again so Mary put her palm up and in a firm voice yelled “Stop it right now.” b) He awkwardly approached a girl in the elevator and she instinctively raised her arm, arm bent and put her forearm to her side to maintain space – the offer was not welcome.

Meaning and/or Motivation: a) A defensive arm distancing posture done in order to indicate to another person that they have overstepped boundaries and it’s time to stop. c) An arm distancing posture defensive in nature meant to reclaim and defend personal space.

Cue Cluster: a) Accompanied by leaning forward, head down and loud voice. b) Accompanied by head leaning back, wide eyes and grimacing or angry facial expression.

Body Language Category: Barriers, Closed body language, Authoritative body language, Defensive body language, Distancing or moving away, Escape movements, Fearful body language, Protective reflexes, Rejection body language.

Resources:

Astrom, Jan. Introductory greeting behavior: a laboratory investigation of approaching and closing salutation phases. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1994. 79(2): 863(35).

Beaulieu, Catherine. Intercultural Study of Personal Space: A Case Study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2004 34(4):794-805.

Chance RMA (1962) An interpretation of some agonistic postures: the role of “cut-off” acts and postures. Symp Zool Soc Lond 8: 71–89.

Cacioppo, J. T., Priester, J. R., & Berntson, G. G. (1993). Rudimentary determinants of attitudes: II. Arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 5–17.

Dolphin, Carol Zinner. Beyond hall: Variables in the use of personal space in intercultural transactions. Howard Journal of Communications. 1988. 1(1): 23-38.

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*No Photo, Authoritative body language, Dominant body language, Leadership body language, Power play

Body Language of Stardust Chairs or Stardust Seating Positions

by Chris • October 28, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Stardust Chairs or Stardust Seating Positions

Cue: Stardust Chairs or Stardust Seating Positions.

Synonym(s): Sitting Left Or Right Of The Head Of The Table.

Description: Sitting to the left or right of the head of the table.

In One Sentence: The stardust chairs are those to either side of the leaders whom share some of the leader’s power through their proximity to the head of the table.

How To Use it: Bosses should reserve the stardust seats for their close confederates. These should be trusted and high ranking officers whom can offer useful advice when unsure. By reserving these seats in rank order, leaders are showing the rest of their team that they must fall in hierarchy and also work more diligently to raise in the rank. This will incentivize them to work harder.

If seating is not assigned, leaders should be watchful of who takes their flank as these are people whom want to exact influence over your decisions.

Context: Business.

Verbal Translation: “I’m either trying to get close to the leader or actually am close to the leader so I enjoy some of his power as it trickles down from the head seating position.”

Variant: See Head Of The Table.

Cue In Action: a) The boss habitually had his two favourite employees flank his left and right in the boardroom. b) She was keen to enjoy the greater power and responsibility over the day-to-day operations of the company. She often showed up early to secure the stardust position in the meeting to get close to her boss.

Meaning and/or Motivation: The seats flanking the head of the table are those with the second most power. They are called stardust because they are close enough to the leader that his star power or “dust” is likely to rub off on them. When these chairs are usurped it signifies that a person is a wannabe leader rather than one deserved based on performance. When the chairs are assigned it sends a strong message about the thoughts and feelings of those in charge.

Leadership shows a trickle down affect based on the seating arrangement. If the head of table is deemed the leader, then the person to their immediate side holds the next most powerful position, and so forth. In ancient times, the leader held the head of the table, with his lieutenants at his sides. The person who sits opposite the head, even today, is usually the most task oriented, whereas those sitting in the middle are usually “affiliators,” normally woman, who wish to interact with the greatest number of people and create active participation with everyone.

Cue Cluster: Those in the stardust positions usually show great leadership qualities. They are often calm, relaxed and loose, speak with authority and to the point.

Body Language Category: Authoritative body language, Dominant body language, Leadership body language, Power play.

Resources:

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Arrogance or arrogant body language, Authoritative body language, Confident body language, Courtship display, Dominant body language, Expansive movements, High confidence body language, Leadership body language, Open body language, Territorial displays

Body Language of Splaying The Body or Taking Up Space

by Chris • October 28, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Splaying The Body or Taking Up Space

Cue: Splaying The Body or Taking Up More Space.

Synonym(s): Taking Up Space, Throwing The Arm Over The Chair, Expansive Body Language, Spreading The Body Out, Arm Spread Out Over The Chair.

Description: Splaying occurs when the arms or legs are spread apart. Usually the arm will find itself over the chair next to the one being sat in.

In One Sentence: Body splaying or expansive body language is one of the main and ubiquitous indicators of dominance.

How To Use it: Whenever you wish that others perceive you as dominant, use body expansion. This can be used in any context, but is particularly effective when leadership is requires such as in business and for men, in dating.

As you take on expansive postures, be conscious of how they make you feel. Should you feel awkward and over-exposed, it is likely that you are doing the posture correctly, but that you aren’t socially and psychologically prepared to deal with the emotions that come inherent with the posture. This will tell you that you’re faking dominance, but if you can stifle the emotion, you’re likely to gain the respect and leadership qualities you desire. In time, it has been said that you can fake nonverbal signals until you “make it.” Your results may vary, but certainly, taking on expansive postures, while working on the emotional repercussions is a proactive way of self-improvement. Be careful however, as dominance postures often invite dominance challenges. Be prepared.

Context: a) General b) Dating.

Verbal Translation: “I’m a dominant individual, be aware of my large presence and give me the space and respect I deserve.”

Variant: See Broadside Display or Chest Protrusion.

Cue In Action: a) The boss sat casually at the table with a figure four leg cross coupled with his arms over the back of the table next to him. b) He was a player and consciously sat splayed out with his legs open and his arm on the chair next to him. Presumably, he figured that it made him look more relaxed and in control.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Taking up space is part of dominant body language because it leaves the vital areas of the body open for attack. It also indicates high confidence. In the wrong context, it can show disrespect due to indifference. This is especially the case when around people who are even more dominant than the person doing the splaying.

Having the arms spread wide while on a sofa and the legs apart gives the impression that a person is relaxed and also larger than they actually are. A person might puff out the chest, place the hands on the hips and lean back. Many animals display similarly and nearly without exception; splaying or expansive movements are a signal to others to beware.

Cue Cluster: Usually, the leg is crossed in a figure four or European Leg Cross depending on the person and his status. Other times, the legs are spread wide open for a more dominant seated position. The head is usually held high, the face is relaxed and conversation is kept to that which is necessary.

Body Language Category: Arrogance or arrogant body language, Authoritative body language, Courtship display, Confident body language, Dominant body language, Expansive movements, High confidence body language, Leadership body language, Open body language, Territorial displays.

Resources:

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