Category: Eye Language

Attentive body language, Confident body language, Eye Language, Indicator of interest (IoI), Liking

Body Language of Friendly Social Gaze

by Chris • October 22, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Friendly Social Gaze

Cue: Friendly Social Gaze

Synonym(s): Friendly Eye Contact.

Description: In the friendly gaze, the eyes travel in a triangular pattern from eye-to-eye then to the mouth with some infrequent looks to the rest of the body.

In One Sentence: The friendly social gaze is a nonverbal eye pattern signally a platonic relationship.

How To Use it: To use the friendly gaze, keep the eyes moving about the face with rare glances to the rest of the body. Unlike the business gaze, it is permissible to drop the eyes to the rest of the body, but not to focus on sexual aspects such as breasts, chests, shoulders (in men), and genitals/buttocks. Use the friendly gaze when you want to be clear about a lack of sexual interest. This is especially important to married men and women, whom do not wish to send the wrong impression. In other words, those already in relationships should avoid any other type of eye gaze pattern (besides the business eye gaze pattern) or it may demonstrate unwanted insinuations and therefore may lead to unwanted results.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “We’re friends and I show this to you by not looking at your sexual parts, although I do infrequently inspect the rest of your body (to size you up). However, I do spend most of the time looking at your face to judge your reactions and emotions.”

Variant: See Gazing Adoringly, Gaze Omission, Eye Aversion, Gaze Avoidance and Wandering Eyes.

Cue In Action: During coffee, Dave and Jill engaged in a long conversation about computer programming never once checking each other out below the chin.

Meaning and/or Motivation: When friends talk to one another they aren’t trying to peer into their souls, rather, they gaze.

The gaze is non-threatening and like the intimate gaze, the eyes travel over the face in a specific pattern. The reason we cast our eyes infrequently over other parts of the body in the friendly gaze is simply due to the reason that it is of less interest and of less value in friendship. This is just the opposite of that which happens in the intimate gaze.

With friends, gaze is brief, lasting only about three seconds followed by looking away.

The research tells us that about seventy-five percent of the time eyes travel through the triangular pattern from the eyes to the mouth, ten percent of the time is spent on forays to the forehead and hair, and five percent to the chin, with the remaining time split on various other features.

After a period of gaze or mutual eye-contact both people will avert their eyes downward instead of left, right or upward. Looking down, on the other hand is a symbol of submission whereas looking left or right can imply disinterest (or interest in something else), or a desire to withdraw from the conversation.

Cue Cluster: N/A

Body Language Category: Attentive, Confident body language, Eye Language, Indicator of interest (IoI), Liking.

Resources:

Argyle, Michael; Lefebvre, Luc; Cook, Mark 1974. The meaning of five patterns of gaze. European Journal of Social Psychology. 4(2): 125-136.

Argyle, M., and Ingham, R. 1972. Gaze, mutual gaze, and proximity. Semiotica, 1, 32–49.

Argyle, M. and Cook, M. Gaze and Mutual Gaze. London: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Allan Mazur; Eugene Rosa; Mark Faupel; Joshua Heller; Russell Leen; Blake Thurman. Physiological Aspects of Communication Via Mutual Gaze. The American Journal of Sociology. 1980; 86(1): 50-74.

Breed, G., Christiansen, E., & Larson, D. 1972. Effect of lecturer’s gaze direction upon
teaching effectiveness. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 2: 115.

Ellsworth, Phoebe; Carlsmith, J Merrill. 1973. Eye contact and gaze aversion in an aggressive encounter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28(2): 280-292.

Foddy, Margaret 1978. Patterns of Gaze in Cooperative and Competitive Negotiation
Human Relations. 31(11):925-938.

Kellerman. 1989. Looking and loving: The effects of mutual gaze on feelings of romantic love. Journal of Research in Personality. 23(2): 145-161.

Kendon, A. Some Functions of Gaze Direction in Social Interaction. Acta Psychologica. 1967. 32: 1-25.

Kleinke, C. L. 1980. Interaction between gaze and legitimacy of request on compliance in a field setting. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 5(1): 3-12.

Leeb. 2004. Here’s Looking at You, Kid! A Longitudinal Study of Perceived Gender Differences in Mutual Gaze Behavior in Young Infants Source: Sex Roles. 50(1-2): 1-14.

Langer, Julia and Rodebaugh, Thomas. Social Anxiety and Gaze Avoidance: Averting Gaze but not Anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2013, Vol.37(6): 1110-1120.

McAndrew. 1986. Arousal seeking and the maintenance of mutual gaze in same and mixed sex dyads Source: Journal of nonverbal behavior. 10(3):168-172.

Mulac, A., Studley, L., Wiemann, J., & Bradac, J. 1987. Male/female gaze in same-sex
and mixed-sex dyads. Human Communication Research. 13: 323-343.

Natale, Michael. 1976. A Markovian model of adult gaze behavior. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 5(1): 53-63.

Phelps, F., Doherty-Sneddon, G., & Warnock Educational Psychology., 27, 91-107. (2006). Functional benefits of children’s gaze aversion during questioning. British Journal Developmental Psychology. 24: 577-588.

Rosenfeld, H., Breck, B., Smith, S., & Kehoe, S. 1984. Intimacy-mediators of the proximity-gaze compensation effect: Movement, conversational role, acquaintance, and gender. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 8: 235-249.

Williams. 1993. Effects of Mutual Gaze and Touch on Attraction, Mood, and Cardiovascular Reactivity Source: Journal of Research in Personality. 27(2): 170-183.

Body size reduction, Courtship display, Eye Language, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI), Power play, Pseudo-infantile gestures, Remotivating gesture, Submissive body language

The Secrete Meaning Behind The Forehead Bow Body Language

by Chris • October 22, 2014 • 0 Comments

The Secrete Meaning Behind The Forehead Bow Body Language

Cue: Forehead Bow (The)

Synonym(s): Come-Hither-Look, Downward Titled Head With Upcast Eyes, Looking Up Through The Forehead or The Looking-Up Cluster, Dipping The Head, Looking Up Cluster, Head Down With Eyes Up.

Description: The forehead bow is a posture done by artificially lowering the head, then looking up from under the eyebrows. It is often coupled with a titling of the head at forty-five degrees to the side and when done by women in a dating context, batting the eyelashes.

In One Sentence: The forehead bow signals the desire to submit in a coy fashion.

How To Use it: The forehead bow is effective when trying to play submissive in order to gain extra favours. Children can use this effectively to gain special permission, as can women whom are trying to manipulate men. In dating, eyes cast upward makes women look childlike and this can be arousing due to its submissive origin. Cast the eyes upward whenever you wish to gain special treatment and sympathy from others. However, the cue is far less effective when done by men as compared to women and children. In other words, the cue, requires a sympathetic audience to gain any traction.

Context: a) General b) Dating.

Verbal Translation: “I’m weak and vulnerable, pleading, just watch how I look coyly and submissively up at you from my lowered position with big eyes. I need your sympathy, care, attention, permission and assistance – can you please help and care for me.”

Variant: See Sideways Glance Over Raised Shoulder.

Cue In Action: a) His daughter wanted a new pony so she stuck out her lip, cast her eyes up pleading, batted her eyes and tilted her head to the side. How could a Dad refuse? b) She wanted a new BMW so she stuck out her lip, cast her eyes up pleading, batted her eyes and tilted her head to the side. How could her husband refuse?

Meaning and/or Motivation: The forehead bow is a posture done by artificially lowering the head, then looking up under the eyebrows in a “come hither” fashion. It has roots in the bow (greeting gesture) since it exposes the top of the head making it vulnerable to attack.

Just like neck and wrist displays, it indicates that trust is present. It also comes off as a childlike gesture primarily because children are shorter than adults and habitually peer up at them.

The posture is a reflection back into early childhood as children look up at us seeking our approval or permission. It is designed to appear vulnerable and pleading. As we age, we recall these gestures and go back to them when wish to revive juvenile submissive feelings and evoke protective feelings in others. The opposite to the forehead bow happens by tilting the head back and looking down one’s nose at someone, which is a judgment posture and is seen negatively.

The forehead bow is a submissive posture and can be done by anyone but is especially prevalent during courtship. When done by women towards men it is a “come hither” look and when done by children shows shyness and submission. Either way, it is a submissive posture aimed at gaining sympathy, protection and favours from others.

Cue Cluster: It is often coupled with a titling of the head at forty-five degrees to the side and when done by women, batting the eyes.

Body Language Category: Body size reduction, Courtship displays, Eye Language, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Pseudo-infantile gestures, Power play, Remotivating, Submissive body language.

Resources:

Aviezer, Hillel, Yaacov Trope, Alexander Todorov. Science 338, 1225 (2012).
Body Cues, Not Facial Expressions, Discriminate Between Intense Positive and Negative Emotions. http://bodylanguageproject.com/articles/body-language-trumps-facial-expressions-read-my-body-not-my-lips/

Beall, Alec and Jessica L. Tracy. The Puzzling Attractiveness of Male Shame. Manuscript submitted to Evolutionary Psychology. www.epjournal.net – 2014. 12(x): 1-39

Is Male Nonverbal Shame Attractive?

Blidstein, Gerald J. The Nonverbal Language of Prayer (review).Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies. 2007 25(2): 195-196.

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Costa, M., Menzani, M., & Ricci Bitti, P. E. Head canting in paintings: An historical study. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2001. 25: 63–73.

Costa, M., & Ricci Bitti, P. E. Face-ism effect and head canting in one’s own and others’ photographs. European Psychologist. 2000. 5: 293–301.

Clark, A. Attracting Interest: Dynamic Displays of Proceptivity Increase the Attractiveness of Men and Women. Evolutionary Psychology. 2008., 6(4), 563-574.

Risky Versus Proceptive Nonverbal Sexual Cues

Dunn, Cynthia Dickel. Speaking politely, kindly, and beautifully: ideologies of politeness in Japanese business etiquette training. Multilingua: Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication. 2013. 32(2): 225(21).

Furley, Philip and Geoffrey Schweizer. “I’m Pretty Sure That We Will Win!”: The Influence of Score-Related Nonverbal Behavioral Changes on the Confidence in Winning a Basketball Game Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 2013. 35:316-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0199

Loser’s Nonverbal Behavior Boosts Confidence Of Winners, Study

Ginsburg, Harvey J. ; Pollman, Vicki A. ; Wauson, Mitzi S. Odom, Richard D. (editor). An ethological analysis of nonverbal inhibitors of aggressive behavior in male elementary school children. Developmental Psychology. 1977 13(4): 417-418.

Keltner, D. The signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1995. 68: 441–454.

Keltner, D., & Buswell, B. N. (1997). Embarrassment: Its distinct form and appeasement functions. Psychological Bulletin. 122: 250–270.

Krumhuber, Eva; Antony S. R.; Manstead; and Arvid Kappas. Temporal Aspects of Facial Displays in Person and Expression Perception: The Effects of Smile Dynamics, Head-tilt, and Gender. Journal Nonverbal Behavior. 2007; 31: 39-56.
DOI 10.1007/s10919-006-0019-x

Head Tilt And Slow Onset Smile Nonverbals – Trust, Attraction, Dominance, and Flirting A Brief Report

Hehman, Eric; Jordan B. Leitner and Samuel L. Gaertner. Enhancing Static Facial Features Increases Intimidation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2013; 49: 747-754.

Tilting The Head Is Display Of Intimidation, Study

Hwang, Hyisung C. and David Matsumoto. Cultural Differences in Victory Signals of
Triumph Cross-Cultural Research. SAGE Publications 2014. 48(2):177– 191.

The Culture Of Nonverbal Triumph

Hareli, Shlomo; Noga Shomrat and Ursula Hess. Emotional Versus Neutral Expressions and Perceptions of Social Dominance and Submissiveness. Emotion. 2009 9(3): 378-384. DOI: 10.1037/a0015958.

Dominance Expression Conveyed By Different Facial Expressions In Men And Women

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The Significant of Nonverbal Expression Of Pride And Shame Body Language – A Detailed Examination Of Origin And Function

Martina Mara and Markus Appel. Effects of Lateral Head Tilt on User Perceptions of Humanoid and Android Robots. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015. 44: 326-334

What A Nonverbal Head Tilt Says About You… And Your Robot

Matsumoto, D., & Willingham, B. (2006). The thrill of victory and the agony of defeat: Spontaneous expressions of medal winners of the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(3), 568–581.

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Modigliani, A. (1971). Embarrassment, facework, and eye contact: Testing a theory of embarrassment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 15–24.

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What A Nonverbal Head Tilt Says About You… And Your Robot

Nelson, Nicole L and James A. Russell. Children’s Understanding Of Nonverbal Expressions Of Pride. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2012; 111: 379-385.

Can Children Read Pride Body Language?

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The Embodiment of Nonverbal Posture – Thinking About Pride or Shame Literally Changes Body Language

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Fix Your Posture, Fix Your Confidence

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A Coy Flirtatious Smile And Eye Contact Leads To Shame Sex

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People Can Read Dominance In A Split Second

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Nonverbal Submission In Men And Women In Depression – A Critical Examination Of The Use And Disuse Of Submission

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Can You Tell Who’s Boss By The Nonverbal Expression Of Pride?

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Nonverbal Expression of Pride Recognized Cross-Culturally

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Happy Guys Finish Last, Happy Women Finish First, Says New Study On Sexual Attractiveness

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Universal Expressions Of Pride And Shame

Tracy, J. L., & Matsumoto, D. (2008). The spontaneous expression of pride and shame: Evidence for biologically innate nonverbal displays. Proceedings from the National Academy of Sciences, 105(33), 11655–11660.

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*No Photo, Eye Language

Body Language of Face Gaze

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Face Gaze

Cue: Face Gaze

Synonym(s): Gazing At The Face.

Description: A type of gaze pattern where a person directs eyes to another person’s face rather than their eyes or body.

In One Sentence: Face gaze indicates a desire to read someone emotionally.

How To Use it: Use face gazing in a dating context to build intimacy. Gazing for long periods time is common in young couples in order to connect. Gazing is also helpful to new mothers and fathers seeking to bond with their newborns.

Gazing is a way to study the inner workings of another person and build intimacy at the same time. Use it where appropriate.

Context: a) General b) Dating.

Verbal Translation: a) “I’m studying your face for nonverbal cues and I’m not interested in building any intimacy or rapport.” b) “I’m studying your face to connect with you and build intimacy and rapport.”

Variant: See Mutual Gaze, Eye Gaze, Eye Contact, Friendly Social Gaze.

Cue In Action: She was trying to pick out her flaws so she went over every square inch of her flesh and pours.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Face gaze absent of eye contact and rapport is a form of stealing and judgment. It can also mean lusting and also positive feelings depending on the pattern.

Cue Cluster: N/A

Body Language Category: Eye Language.

Resources:

Allison, T., Puce, A., & McCarthy, G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Neurosciences, 4, 267–278.

Argyle, Michael; Lefebvre, Luc; Cook, Mark 1974. The meaning of five patterns of gaze. European Journal of Social Psychology. 4(2): 125-136.

Argyle, M., and Ingham, R. 1972. Gaze, mutual gaze, and proximity. Semiotica, 1, 32–49.

Argyle, M. and Cook, M. Gaze and Mutual Gaze. London: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Allan Mazur; Eugene Rosa; Mark Faupel; Joshua Heller; Russell Leen; Blake Thurman. Physiological Aspects of Communication Via Mutual Gaze. The American Journal of Sociology. 1980; 86(1): 50-74.

Bolmont, Mylene; John T. Cacioppo and Stephanie Cacioppo. Love Is in the Gaze: An Eye-Tracking Study of Love and Sexual Desire. Psychological Science July 16, 2014. Published online before print. July 16, 2014, doi: 10.1177/0956797614539706

Lust or Like Is in the Eyes – How To Read The Body Language Of The Eyes

Belhiah, Hassan. Tutoring as an embodied activity: How speech, gaze and body orientation are coordinated to conduct ESL tutorial business. Journal of Pragmatics. 2009. 41(4): 829-841.

Breed, G., Christiansen, E., & Larson, D. 1972. Effect of lecturer’s gaze direction upon
teaching effectiveness. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 2: 115.

Ellsworth, Phoebe; Carlsmith, J Merrill. 1973. Eye contact and gaze aversion in an aggressive encounter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28(2): 280-292.

Foddy, Margaret 1978. Patterns of Gaze in Cooperative and Competitive Negotiation
Human Relations. 31(11):925-938.

Friesen, C.K., & Kingstone, A. (1998). The eyes have it: Reflexive orienting is triggered by nonpredictive gaze. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 490–493.

Guellai, Bahia ; Streri, Arlette Tsakiris, Manos (Editor). Cues for Early Social Skills: Direct Gaze Modulates Newborns’ Recognition of Talking Faces (Newborns Prefer a Talking Face with Direct Gaze). PLoS ONE. 2011. 6(4): p.e18610

George, N., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001). Seen gaze-direction modulates fusiform activity and its coupling with other brain areas during face processing. Neuroimage, 13, 1102–1112.

Hietanen, J. K. (1999). Does your gaze direction and head orientation shift my visual attention? Neuroreport, 10, 3443–3447.

Hietanen, Jari. Social attention orienting integrates visual information from head and body orientation. Psychological Research.2002 66(3): 174-179.

Hoehl, Stefanie ; Striano, Tricia. The Development of Emotional Face and Eye Gaze Processing. Developmental Science. 2010. 13(6): p.813-825.

Jenkins, R., Beaver, J.D., & Calder, A.J. (2006). I thought you were looking at me: Direction-specific aftereffects in gaze perception. Psychological Science, 17, 506–513.

Jenkins, R., Keane, J., & Calder, A.J. (2007, August). From your eyes only: Gaze adaptation from averted eyes and averted heads. Paper presented at the Thirtieth European Conference on Visual Perception, Arezzo, Italy.

Kawashima, R., Sugiura, M., Kato, T., Nakamura, A., Hatano, K., Ito, K., Fukuda, H., Kojima, S., & Nakamura, K. (1999). The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring: A PET study. Brain, 122, 779–783.

Kaminski, Juliane ; Call, Josep ; Tomasello, Michael. Body orientation and face orientation: two factors controlling apes’ begging behavior from humans. Animal Cognition. 2004. 7(4): 216-223.

Kellerman. 1989. Looking and loving: The effects of mutual gaze on feelings of romantic love. Journal of Research in Personality. 23(2): 145-161.

Kendon, A. Some Functions of Gaze Direction in Social Interaction. Acta Psychologica. 1967. 32: 1-25.

Kleinke, C. L. 1980. Interaction between gaze and legitimacy of request on compliance in a field setting. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 5(1): 3-12.

Langer, Julia and Rodebaugh, Thomas. Social Anxiety and Gaze Avoidance: Averting Gaze but not Anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2013, Vol.37(6): 1110-1120.

Leeb. 2004. Here’s Looking at You, Kid! A Longitudinal Study of Perceived Gender Differences in Mutual Gaze Behavior in Young Infants Source: Sex Roles. 50(1-2): 1-14.

Langton, S.R.H. (2000). The mutual influence of gaze and head orientation in the analysis of social attention direction. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 53, 825–845.

Langton, S. R. H., & Bruce, V. (1999). Reflexive visual orienting in response to the social attention of others. Visual Cognition, 6, 541–567.

Langton, S. R. H., & Bruce, V. (2000). You must see the point: Automatic processing of cues to the direction of social attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 747–757.

Montgomery, Derek ; Moran, Christy ; Bach, Leslie. The influence of nonverbal cues associated with looking behavior on young children’s mentalistic attributions.
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1996. 20(4): 229-249.

McAndrew. 1986. Arousal seeking and the maintenance of mutual gaze in same and mixed sex dyads Source: Journal of nonverbal behavior. 10(3):168-172.

Mulac, A., Studley, L., Wiemann, J., & Bradac, J. 1987. Male/female gaze in same-sex
and mixed-sex dyads. Human Communication Research. 13: 323-343.

Natale, Michael. 1976. A Markovian model of adult gaze behavior. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 5(1): 53-63.

Puce, Allison, T and McCarthy, G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Neurosciences, 4, 267–278.

Perrett, D.I., Hietanen, J.K., Oram, M.W., & Benson, P.J. (1992). Organization and functions of cells responsive to faces in the temporal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 335, 23–30.

Qian, Qian ; Song, Miao ; Shinomori, Keizo. Gaze cueing as a function of perceived gaze direction. Japanese Psychological Research. 2013. 55(3): 264-272.

Robinson, Jeffrey David. Getting Down to Business Talk, Gaze, and Body Orientation During Openings of Doctor-Patient Consultations. Human Communication Research. 1998. 25(1): 97-123.

Straube, Benjamin ; Green, Antonia ; Jansen, Andreas ; Chatterjee, Anjan ; Kircher, Tilo. Social cues, mentalizing and the neural processing of speech accompanied by gestures. Neuropsychologia. 2010. 48(2): 382-393.

Tomasello, M., Hare, B., Lehmann, H., & Call, J. (2007). Reliance on head versus eyes in the gaze following of great apes and human infants: The cooperative eye hypothesis. Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 314–320.

Toshikazu. Cultural modulation of face and gaze scanning in young children
PloS one. 2013. 8(8): pp.e74017

Trepagnier, Cheryl Sebrechts, Marc M. ; Peterson, Rebecca. Atypical Face Gaze in Autism. CyberPsychology Behavior. 2002. 5(3): 213-217.

Young, Steven G. ; Slepian, Michael L. ; Wilson, John Paul ; Hugenberg, Kurt. Averted eye-gaze disrupts configural face encoding. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2014. 53: 94-99.

Williams. 1993. Effects of Mutual Gaze and Touch on Attraction, Mood, and Cardiovascular Reactivity Source: Journal of Research in Personality. 27(2): 170-183.

Wicker, B., Michel, F., Henaff, M.-A., & Decety, J. (1998). Brain regions involved in the perception of gaze: A PET study. Neuroimage, 8, 221–227.

Dominant body language, Eye Language, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI)

Body Language of F%$k Me Eyes

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of F%$k Me Eyes

Cue: F%$k Me Eyes

Synonym(s): N/A

Description: A predator sexual eye pattern best accomplished by women who indicate to men that they wish to have sex with them. The eyes are focused on just him and no one else.

In One Sentence: F%$k me eyes are eyes that are sexual in nature and indicate the desire to take action.

How To Use it: Men and especially women can use these overt eye patterns to signal a clear message of sexual intent.

Context: Dating.

Verbal Translation: “I’m submitting to you, you can take me whenever you want.”

Variant: When men employ similar eye patterns they come across as inappropriate.

Cue In Action: She stared at him with inviting eyes and breathed in deeply, you could just tell that she was aroused.

Meaning and/or Motivation: She wants sex.

Cue Cluster: Associated with other courtship signals.

Body Language Category: Dominant body language, Eye Language, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI).

Resources:

Abbey, A., and Melby, C. (1986). The effects of nonverbal cues on gender differences in perceptions of sexual intent. Sex Roles, 15, 283-298.

Argyle, Michael; Lefebvre, Luc; Cook, Mark 1974. The meaning of five patterns of gaze. European Journal of Social Psychology. 4(2): 125-136.

Abrahams, Matthewf. Perceiving flirtatious communication: An exploration of the perceptual dimensions underlying judgments of flirtatiousness. Journal of Sex Research. 1994. 31(4): 283-292.

Anderson, Uriah S. ; Perea, Elaine F. ; Vaughn Becker, D. ; Ackerman, Joshua M. ; Shapiro, Jenessa R. ; Neuberg, Steven L. ; Kenrick, Douglas T. I only have eyes for you: Ovulation redirects attention (but not memory) to attractive men. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2010. 46(5): 804-808.

Aviva Musicus, Aner Tal, and Brian Wansink. Eyes in the Aisles: Why is Cap’n Crunch Looking Down at My Child? Environment & Behavior. 2014. Forthcoming.

Eyes In The Aisles: Why Is Cap’n Crunch Looking Down At My Child?

Aguinis, Herman ; Simonsen, Melissam. ; Pierce, Charlesa. Effects of Nonverbal Behavior on Perceptions of Power Bases. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1998. 138(4): 455-469.

Aguinis, Herman ; Henle, Christinea. Effects of Nonverbal Behavior on Perceptions of a Female Employee’s Power Bases. The Journal of Social Psychology. 2001 141(4): 537-549.

Lust or Like Is in the Eyes – How To Read The Body Language Of The Eyes

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Eye Contact Increases Resistance to Persuasion

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Direct Eye Contact Best When Making Request

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Distress or Happiness Reflected in an Infants Eyes

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How Women Can Use A Simple Smile To Attract Men

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The First 12 Minutes Of Flirting Using Nonverbal Communication – Study Reveals 26 Body Language Cues Of Attraction

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‘Eye’ Can Tell You’re Walking My Way – How To Read The Body Language of The Eyes

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PART I – How To Read Male Sexual Body Language, A Study For Women – And The Men Who Wish To Cheat The System

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*No Photo, Amplifier, Eye Language, Microexpression, Open facial gestures, Submissive body language, Surprised body language

Body Language of Eyebrow Raise

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Eyebrow Raise

Cue: Eyebrow Raise

Synonym(s): Raising The Eyebrows, Lifting The Eyebrows.

Description: Raising both eyebrows in unison.

In One Sentence: When the eyebrows rise in unison it signals excitement and surprise.

How To Use it: Raise your eyebrows when you want to tell other people that you find what they have said, or what you have said, surprising, shocking or exciting. A more expressive face helps people connect with you more easily as it helps build your personality. Women usually have a far easier time with these sorts of facial expressions, but men can also benefit especially when they are trying to connect with other women and children.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “My eyebrows are bopping up and down in unison with my speech to emphasis points and produce emotion and expression.”

Variant: See Eyebrow Cock, Eyebrow Hold, Eyebrow Lowering, Eyebrow Flash, Eyebrows Knit or Oblique Eyebrows Of Grief.

Cue In Action: The news reporter raised her eyebrows as she punctuated each news item to show emphasis.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Eyebrows that rise are an indication of excitement. When we speak, we show our enthusiasm more frequently than a full surprise or fear expression, which also has the raises the eyebrows. If you watch closely, you will see a person’s eyebrows rise several times as they deliver their story. It is more common in woman than men.

Eyebrows can also rise to show agreement or to emphasize and punctuate points in speech. The eyebrows frequently rise at the end of questions, as if asking others to clarify. Where eyebrows lower, it signifies dominance, whereas eyebrows raised signals a mild submission and an open facial expression. When one eyebrow rises, the eye cock, it shows suspicion.

Cue Cluster: When eyebrows rise, the eyes also tend to pop open as well. This cue cluster seeks to improve vision, often accompanying surprise.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Eye Language, Microexpressions, Open facial gestures, Submissive body language, Surprised body language.

Resources:

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The Universal Anger Face

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Eyes And Facial Expressions May Be Biologically Controlled – Serve A Real Non-Emotional Purpose, Says Research.

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Your Face Reacts To Body Anger – How Our Brains Are Wired To Process Emotional Body Language

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Anger As A Nonverbal Cue To Truth Telling

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Context Matters When Judging Body Language

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How To Avoid Anger On Sunny Days

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Facial Expressions Versus Bodily Expressions In Nonverbal Communication

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How To Convey Emotion Nonverbally Through Dance, A Study

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Anger Facial Expression Gets People To Do What You Want

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Fear – It’s In Your Amygdala

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*No Photo, Aggressive body language, Amplifier, Anger body language, Closed facial gestures, Dislike (nonverbal), Dominant body language, Emotional body language, Eye Language, Fearful body language, Frustration or frustrated body language, Hostile body language, Negative body language, Threat displays

Body Language of Eyebrow Lowering

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Eyebrow Lowering

Cue: Eyebrow Lowering

Synonym(s): Lowering The Eyebrows, Anger Eyebrows.

Description: Eyebrows that are lowered.

In One Sentence: Lowering the eyebrows signals anger, aggression, or fear.

How To Use it: Lower the eyebrows to tell others that you disapprove of their conduct and wish for them to correct it. Likewise you may lower your brows to show that you are experiencing an internal struggle. Overall, the cue can be useful when trying to manipulate other people into changing their behaviour.

The anger expression has been shown to be a signal of strength and helps reinforce dominance so it is useful in creating the impression of authority. Even if one lacks the physical power to back up aggression, the anger expression can still be used to create the illusion of force. Lowering the eyebrows should be used whenever you wish to be taken seriously and want that seriousness to be backed up by visible threat.

Avoid keeping the eyebrows lowered for too long, however, as this will be perceived as being weakness and dejection.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m angry and my face is squishing all up including my eyebrows.”

Variant: N/A

Cue In Action: When she saw the girl who posted rude remarks on her online profile, she lowered her eyebrows to show her anger.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Eyebrows can squint just like eyes can and have many different meanings. Eyebrows can be lowered to indicate confrontation due to anger or aggression, fear from threats, when we feel displeasure or are annoyed.

If eyebrows are dropped low enough and kept there it indicates weakness and insecurity. This is true universally and so can even appear in children especially those who are abused. Lowered eyebrows is submissive, cowering, facial expression. Lowered eyebrows is a sign of being defeated and weak. It shows that one is unlikely to put up a fight. Bullies at school will also look for the expression to single out children as prey and so will social predators and psychopaths.

Cue Cluster: Varied depending on context.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Aggressive body language, Anger, Closed facial gestures, Dislike (nonverbal), Dominant body language, Emotional body language, Eye Language, Fearful body language, Frustration or frustrated body language, Hostile body language, Negative body language, Threat displays.

Resources:

Facial Expressions Versus Bodily Expressions in Nonverbal Communication

Emotions Are Read In Context, Study

Aaron, Sell; Cosmides, Leda and Tooby, John. The Human Anger Face Evolved to Enhance Cues of Strength. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2014. 35(5): 425-429.

The Universal Anger Face

Flirting With Danger – Women Flirt To Avoid Conflict

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Ekman, P., O’Sullivan, M., & Matsumoto, D. (1991b). Contradictions in the study of contempt: What’s it all about? Reply to Russell. Motivation & Emotion, 15(4), 293-296.

Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(2), 205-235.

Ekman, Paul. 1994. Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: A reply to Russell’s mistaken critique Psychological Bulletin. 115(2): 268-287.

Ekman, Paul. 1986. A new pan-cultural facial expression of emotion. Source: Motivation and Emotion Ekman. 10(2): 159-168.

Ekman, Paul and Friesen, W. V. 1987. Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 53(4): 712-717.

Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V. 1971. Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 17(2): 124-129.

Ekman, Paul. 1972. Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In J. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1971. 19: 207-282. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Fulcher, J. S. “Voluntary” facial expression in blind and seeing children. Archives of Psychology, 1942. 38: 272.

Your Face Reacts To Body Anger – How Our Brains Are Wired To Process Emotional Body Language

Hareli, Shlomo; Noga Shomrat and Ursula Hess. Emotional Versus Neutral Expressions and Perceptions of Social Dominance and Submissiveness. Emotion. 2009 9(3): 378-384. DOI: 10.1037/a0015958

Dominance Expression Conveyed By Different Facial Expressions In Men And Women

Hatz, Jessica L. and Martin J. Bourgeois. Anger as a Cue to Truthfulness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2010. 46: 680-683.

Anger As A Nonverbal Cue To Truth Telling

James A. Russell, Naoto Suzuki and Noriko Ishida. 1993. Canadian, Greek, and Japanese freely produced emotion labels for facial expressions. Motivation and Emotion. 17(4): 337 -351.

Kret, Mariska Esther and Beatrice de Gelder. Social Context Influences Recognition of Bodily Expressions. Exp Brain Res. 2010. 203:169-180. DOI 10.1007/s00221-010-2220-8

Context Matters When Judging Body Language

Kret, M. E. and B. de Gelder. When a Smile Becomes a Fist: The Perception of Facial and Bodily Expressions of Emotion in Violent Offenders. Exp Brain Res. 2013. 228: 399-410. DOI 10.1007/s00221-013-3557-6.

Reading Bodily Postures And Facial Expressions Incorrectly Can Be Disastrous – Just Ask Violent Offenders

Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity. Psychophysiology, 27(4), 363-384.

Lee, Daniel H.; Reza Mirza, John G. Flanagan and Adam K. Anderson. Optical Origins of Opposing Facial Expression Actions. Psychological Science published online 24 January 2014 DOI: 10.1177/0956797613514451

Eyes And Facial Expressions May Be Biologically Controlled – Serve A Real Non-Emotional Purpose, Says Research.

McClure, Erin B 2000. A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents
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How To Avoid Anger On Sunny Days

Facial Expressions Versus Bodily Expressions In Nonverbal Communication

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Matsumoto, D. (2001). Culture and Emotion. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), The Handbook of Culture and Psychology (pp. 171-194). New York: Oxford University Press.

Matsumoto, D., & Ekman, P. (1989). American-Japanese cultural differences in intensity ratings of facial expressions of emotion. Motivation & Emotion, 13(2), 143-157.

Matsumoto, D., & Willingham, B. (2009). Spontaneous Facial Expressions of Emotion of Congenitally and Non-Congenitally Blind Individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 1-10.

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The Sun Can Produce Feelings Of Anger And Aggression – It Makes Us Frown

How To Convey Emotion Nonverbally Through Dance, A Study

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Can Children Read Pride Body Language?

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Anger Facial Expression Gets People To Do What You Want

Friend or Foe? Let Body Language Decide

Body Language Is Read Quickly And Subconsciously, Study

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Fear – It’s In Your Amygdala

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Be Careful! Infants Perceptive At Reading Body Language

Confused body language, Eye Language, Microexpression, Nonthreatening body language, Open facial gestures, Submissive body language

Body Language of Eyebrow Hold

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Eyebrow Hold

Cue: Eyebrow Hold

Synonym(s): Eyebrow Shrug.

Description: Happens when the eyebrows raise and pause for a second before being lowered.

In One Sentence: The eyebrow hold is a signal that a person is dumbfounded and is questioning what they are hearing or seeing.

How To Use it: Hold the eyebrows up when you want to make a nonverbal inquiry. Holding the eyebrows up momentarily, is a way to ask people to complete their thought. In other words, you are holding your eyebrows up awkwardly in hopes they will resolve the problem so you can drop them back down.

Mothers can use this effectively with misbehaving children. Simply raise the eyebrows, cock the head to the side, make your request, and wait for a correct response before lowering them.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: a) “I’m raising my eyebrows and I’m willing to hold them here until someone steps in and fixed my problem.” B) “So, what do you think, have I don’t a good job?”

Variant: See Eyebrow Raise, Eyebrow Cock, Eyebrow Hold, Eyebrow Lowering, Eyebrow Flash, Eyebrows Knit or Oblique Eyebrows Of Grief.

Cue In Action: The speaker would often raise his eyebrows as he told a joke and held them up. He wanted and expected applause.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Eyebrow hold indicates a lack of knowledge or even helplessness. It is a mild form of unpleasant surprise. Eyebrows are held up when someone seeks approval from others. This approval may come nonverbally as a head nod or smile or a verbal agreement.

Politicians and children often raise their eyebrows and hold them up waiting for approval from others.

Cue Cluster: The eyebrow hold is sometimes accompanied by palms up, as if “offering.”

Body Language Category: Confused, Eye Language, Microexpressions, Nonthreatening body language, Open facial gestures, Submissive body language.

Resources:

Duan, Xujun ; Dai, Qian ; Gong, Qiyong ; Chen, Huafu. Neural mechanism of unconscious perception of surprised facial expression. NeuroImage. 2010. 52(1): 401-407.

e Charlesworth, W. R. (1964). Instigation and maintenance of curiosity behavior as a function of surprise versus novel and familiar stimuli. Child Development, 35, 1169–1186.

Ekman, P. & O’Sullivan, M. (1991). Who can catch a liar? American Psychologist. 46, 913-920.

Grammer, Karl ; Schiefenhövel, Wulf ; Schleidt, Margret ; Lorenz, Beatrice ; Eibl eibesfeldt, Irenäus. Patterns on the Face: The Eyebrow Flash in Crosscultural Comparison. Ethology. 1988. 77(4): 279-299.

Ludden, G. D. S., Schifferstein, H. N. J., & Hekkert, P. (2009). Visual–tactual incongruities in products as sources of surprise. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 27, 63–89.

Martin, David John. 1997. Slaughtering a sacred cow: The eyebrow flash is not a universal social greeting. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 58(5-B): 2751.

Moore, Monicam. Human Nonverbal Courtship Behavior—A Brief Historical Review. Journal of Sex Research. 2010 47(2-3): 171-180.

Moore, Monica. Courtship Signaling and Adolescents: Girls Just Wanna Have Fun. Journal of Sex Research. 1995. 32(4): 319-328.

Girls Just Want To Have Fun – The Origins Of Courtship Cues In Girls And Women

Navarro, Joe. 2008. What Every BODY is Saying: An Ex-FBI Agent’s Guide to Speed-Reading People. William Morrow Paperbacks.

Parzuchowski, Michal ; Szymkow-Sudziarska, Aleksandra. Well, slap my thigh: expression of surprise facilitates memory of surprising material. Emotion. 2008. 8(3): 430-4.

Reisenzein, R. (2000). Exploring the strength of association between the components of emotion syndromes: the case of surprise. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 1–38.

Reisenzein, R., & Studtmann, M. (2007). On the expression and experience of surprise: no evidence for facial feedback, but evidence for a reverse self-inference effect. Emotion, 7, 612–627.

Scherer, K. R., Zentner, M. R., & Stern, D. (2004). Beyond surprise: the puzzle of infants’ expressive reactions to expectancy violation. Emotion, 4, 389–402.

Using Nonverbal Behaviour To Assess Depression Severity

Vanhamme, J. (2000). The link between surprise and satisfaction: an exploratory research on how to best measure surprise. Journal of Marketing Management, 16, 565–582.

Watt, Roger ; Craven, Ben ; Quinn, Sandra. A role for eyebrows in regulating the visibility of eye gaze direction. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2007. 60(9): 1169-1177.

Wheldall, Kevin ; Mittler, Peter. Eyebrow-raising, eye widening and visual search nursery school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1976. 17(1): 57-62.

Amplifier, Eye Language, Hostile body language, Negative body language, Suspicious body language

Body Language of The Eyebrow Cock

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of The Eyebrow Cock

Cue: Eyebrow Cock

Synonym(s): Raising One Eyebrow, Single Eyebrow Raise.

Description: A mixed eyebrow movement where one eyebrow is raised while the other is lowered.

In One Sentence: The eyebrow cock is a signal that a person is suspicious.

How To Use it: Use the eyebrow cock to tell others that you are in general disbelief with respect to an action performed, or a comment made.

Context: General.

Verbal Translation: “I’m suspicious of your motives so my eyes will show surprise by raising on one side and anger by lowering on the other.”

Variant: See Eyebrow Flash, Eyebrow Hold, Eyebrow Lowering, Eyebrow Raise, Eyebrows Knit or Oblique Eyebrows Of Grief.

Cue In Action: She stood up and vehemently denied being the one who stole the doughnut despite overwhelming evidence. Her mom looked at her, turned her head to the side, raised one eyebrow and lowered the other, then compressed her lips. She was showing suspicion nonverbally.

Meaning and/or Motivation: It represents both aggression and fear at the same time due to the division of high and low, and when mixed, indicates suspicion or skepticism.

Cue Cluster: The head is often tilted to the side when representing skepticism. The eyes will squint when showing aggression and the lips will purse.

Body Language Category: Amplifier, Eye Language, Hostile body language, Negative body language, Suspicious body language or suspicion.

Resources:

Martin, David John. 1997. Slaughtering a sacred cow: The eyebrow flash is not a universal social greeting. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 58(5-B): 2751.

Moore, Monicam. Human Nonverbal Courtship Behavior—A Brief Historical Review. Journal of Sex Research. 2010 47(2-3): 171-180.

Moore, Monica. Courtship Signaling and Adolescents: Girls Just Wanna Have Fun. Journal of Sex Research. 1995. 32(4): 319-328.

Girls Just Want To Have Fun – The Origins Of Courtship Cues In Girls And Women

Navarro, Joe. 2008. What Every BODY is Saying: An Ex-FBI Agent’s Guide to Speed-Reading People. William Morrow Paperbacks.

Schmidt, K. L., Bhattacharya, S., & Denlinger, R. (2009). Comparison of deliberate and spontaneous facial movement in smiles and eyebrow raises. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33, 35–45.

Shichuan Du; Yong Tao and Aleix M. Martinez. Compound facial expressions of emotion. Published online before print on March 31, 2014. DOI10.1073/pnas.1322355111

In Fact, There Are More Than 21 Facial Expressions

Using Nonverbal Behaviour To Assess Depression Severity

Watt, Roger ; Craven, Ben ; Quinn, Sandra. A role for eyebrows in regulating the visibility of eye gaze direction. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2007. 60(9): 1169-1177.

Wheldall, Kevin ; Mittler, Peter. Eyebrow-raising, eye widening and visual search nursery school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1976. 17(1): 57-62.

Appease, Approach tell, Courtship display, Eye Language, Indicator Of Sexual Interest (IOsI), Open facial gestures, Power play, Pseudo-infantile gestures, Remotivating gesture, Signature gestures, Submissive body language, Tie signals

Body Language of Eye Widening

by Chris • October 21, 2014 • 0 Comments

Body Language of Eye Widening

Cue: Eye Widening

Synonym(s): Baby Eyes, Wide Eyes.

Description: Making the eyes appear bigger than normal through plucking the eyebrows, raising the eyebrows or lifting the eyelids.

In One Sentence: Eye widening is a signal that says one is enjoying what they are seeing.

How To Use it: Show positive emotions by keeping the eyes open and inviting. Women can effectively and near permanently increase the perception of their eye size by plucking their brows. This creates the illusion of having larger eyes that actual fact.

While men do not benefit in the same way from this cue, open eyes in women signals that they are more childlike and therefore worthy of protection. If women desire special treatment, emphasizing the size of the eyes is highly effective.

Context: General, Dating.

Verbal Translation: “By widening my eyes you can see how big and childlike my eyes are, therefore you need to help and protect me.”

Variant: Related to Eye Flash, Eye Pop and Flashbulb Eyes as well as Eye Squinting or Narrowing Eyes (for opposite cue).

Cue In Action: It was a cold morning and she didn’t want to go out to the car and warm it. She turned her head to the side, batted her eyes, raised her eyebrows and opened her eyes wide, pleading. Her Dad had no choice but to give her a hand.

Meaning and/or Motivation: Eye widening is a positive nonverbal cue indicating that someone is observing positive stimuli that bring them joy and happiness. It may indicate surprise and shock.

Raising the eyebrows and eyelids can also be used to simulate widened eyes. Plucking the eyebrows has the same effect as eye widening, except it is permanent. The appearance of big bright eyes may be why we have culturally encouraged women to shrink the size of their brow.

Have you ever noticed the size of a newborns eyes in relation to their body and face? What about cartoon characters? Eye widening evokes protective feelings in others and women will use this to gain sympathy from men during courtship. Research has shown that when women widen their eyes, men release hormones that motive them to protect and defend.

Eye widening is a form of gravity defying behaviour that is ubiquitous in showing positive emotions and joy. When true contentment is present the eyes will lack any tension at all and will appear relaxed. The size of the eyes directly indicates how positive someone feels about a topic. While making eyes bigger and flashing them means that good thoughts are held, squinting, where the eyes are compressed, means negative thought are held.

Cue Cluster: Eye widening is clustered with head to the side, batting eyelashes, raised eyebrows, eyelids opened, shoulders turned inward, head up with smiling or pouting to gain sympathy.

Body Language Category: Appease, Approach tell, Courtship display, Eye Language, Indicators of sexual interest (IOsI), Open facial gestures, Pseudo-infantile gestures, Power play, Remotivating, Signature gestures, Submissive body language, Tie signals.

Resources:

Brooks, C. I., Church, M. A., & Fraser, L. 1986. Effects of duration of eye contact on judgments of personality characteristics. Journal of Social Psychology. 126: 71–78.

Eyes And Facial Expressions May Be Biologically Controlled – Serve A Real Non-Emotional Purpose, Says Research.

Davis 1978. Camera Eye-Contact by the Candidates in the Presidential Debates of 1976 Source: The journalism quarterly. 55 (3): 431 -437.

Duan, Xujun ; Dai, Qian ; Gong, Qiyong ; Chen, Huafu. Neural mechanism of unconscious perception of surprised facial expression. NeuroImage. 2010. 52(1): 401-407.

e Charlesworth, W. R. (1964). Instigation and maintenance of curiosity behavior as a function of surprise versus novel and familiar stimuli. Child Development, 35, 1169–1186.

Ekman, P. & O’Sullivan, M. (1991). Who can catch a liar? American Psychologist. 46, 913-920.

Ellsworth, Phoebe; Carlsmith, J Merrill. 1973. Eye contact and gaze aversion in an aggressive encounter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28(2): 280-292.

Gordon, A. K. and A. G. Miller. 2000. Perspective differences in the construal of lies: is deception in the eye of the beholder? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 (1): 46-55.

Gilliam, Harold V. B.; Van Den Berg, Sjef. 1980. Different Levels of Eye Contact: Effects on Black and White College Students. Urban Education. 15 (1): 83-92.

Goldman. 1980. Effect of Eye Contact and Distance on the Verbal Reinforcement of Attitude. The Journal of social psychology 111(1): 73 -78.

Greene 1979. Title: Need-Fulfillment and Consistency Theory: Relationships Between Self-Esteem and Eye Contact. Source: Western journal of speech communication. 43(2): 123 -133.

Galin, D. and Ornstein, R., 1974. Individual Differences in Cognitive Style – Reflective Eye Movements; Neuropsychologia, 12: 376-397.

Hocking. 1985. Eye contact contrast effects in the employment interview. Communication research reports 2(1): 5-10.

Kinsbourne, M., 1972. Eye and Head Turning Indicates Cerebral Lateralization; Science, 179: 539-541.

Kocel, K., et al.,1972. Lateral Eye Movement and Cognitive Mode; Psychon Sci. 27: 223-224.